-
What is the projection name of a lateral film?
Longitudinal
-
Where is the central ray placed on a lateral film?
Axis of Atlas
-
What is the primary purpose of a lateral film?
AS or AI
-
What is the secondary purpose of the lateral film?
- C1/C2 relationship
- Cervical anomalies
- Evaluate the cervical curve
-
What are the three lines on the lateral film?
- Occipital Condyle Line
- Atlas Plane Line
- Listing Line
-
Where are dots place on the Occipital Condyle Line of the lateral film?
Anterior and posterior aspect of the occipital condyle
-
Where are the dots placed on the Atlas Plane Line?
- Center of Anterior Tubercle (closest to dens)
- Narrowest portion of posterior arch
-
How is the Listing Line made?
The parallel is placed on the OCL and rolled down to the dot on the posterior arch
-
What is the projection name of the nasium film?
Horizontal
-
What is the central ray directed at in the nasium film?
Horizontal plane of the atlas
-
What is the primary analytical purpose for taking the nasium film?
The third letter of atlas (atlas laterality)
-
What is the secondary purpose of the nasium film?
Condyle malformation
-
What are the four lines drawn on the nasium film?
- Ocular Orbit Line
- Superior Basic Line
- Inferior Basic Line
- Vertical Median Line
-
Where are the dots placed for the Ocular orbital Line?
- Like points of ocular orbit
- Line though two parallel points
-
Where are the dots placed for the Superior Basic Line on nasium film?
Medial inferior tips of the occipital condyle on both sides
Take parallel from OOL to first condyle tip then draw Superior Basic Line (SBL)
-
Where are dots placed for the Inferor basic Line on the Nasium film?
Lateral Inferior tips of lateral masses
-
How is the horizontal portion of the plus sign in the nasium film drawn?
Between the medial-inferior occipital condyle dots
-
How is the VML line constructed?
A line is perpendicular to the OOL and throught the + sign
-
How is atlas laterality found?
measuring distance from the lateral-inferior tips of the lateral masses to the VML on both sides
-
What is the 70 percent rule for the nasium film?
Superior basic line and inferior basic line converge to the side of laterality
-
What is the projection name of the base posterior film?
Vertical
-
What is the primary purpose of the base posterior film?
determine atlas rotation on side of laterality
-
What is the secondary purpose of the base posterior film?
Inspect integrity of odontoid process and atlas ring
-
What are the two lines drawn on the base posterior film?
- Atlas Plane Line
- Perpendicular Skull Line
-
Where are the dots placed for the atlas plane line on base posterior film?
Atlas transverse foramen
-
Where are dots placed on perpendicual skull line on the base posterior film?
- Center of nasal septum
- Plus sign using like ocular orbit points then scroll down to narrowest portion of basilar process to draw horizontal portion of plus sign
-
How is atlas rotation found on the base posterior film?
Measure angle from APL to PSL on both sides Posterior>90>Anterior
-
What is the primary purpose of the APOM film?
complete axis listing
-
What is the projection name of the APOM film?
Vertico-horizontal
-
What is the secondary purpose of the APOM?
Assumed Listing for atlas
-
What are the four lines of the APOM?
- Ocular orbit line
- superior basic line
- inferior basic line
- Vertical Median Line
-
Where are the superior basic line dots placed for APOM?
Jugular processes
-
Where are the inferior basic lines dots drawn?
Lateral inferior tips of atlas lateral masses
-
What points are used to draw the horizontal portion of the plus sign in APOM film?
Inferior tips of condyles
-
What is the 70 percent rule for APOM and what is this used to find?
SBL and IBL converge on side of atlas anterior rotation
-
What is a variable listing and what should you adjust?
- Atlas axis rotate in oppostie directions
- (usually adjust atlas)
-
What is adjusted on a constant listing?
- Adjust greatest magnitude misalignment
- If same adjust atlas
-
What is the full setup for SP RT-BP?
- DS: 3in Pivot lined up with patient shoulder
- EPI: inferior and posterior to axis
- PP: Rt up side posture
- SCP: Rt lateral margin of spinous
- TQ: CW
- TP: A-P
- LOC: I-S P-S R-L
-
What is the setup for ESR?
- DS: 3in Pivot lined up with patient shoulder
- EPI: inferior and posterior to axis
- PP: Rt up side posture
- SCP: Rt Lamina pedicle junction
- TQ: CW
- TP: A-P
- LOC: I-S P-A R-L
-
What is the setup for SPLT-BP (posterior)?
- DS: Scissored away from patient from behind
- EPI: posterior and inferior to axis
- PP: Lt up side posture
- CP: 2 3 knife edge
- SCP: Left lateral inferior margin spinous
- TQ: none
- TP: A-P
- LOC: I-S P-A L-R
-
What is the 70% rule for APOM?
- SBL and IBL converge to the side of atlas anterior rotation
- SBL and IBL diverge to the side of atlas posterior rotatioin
-
What can be structures can be used to check head rotation on the nasium film?
-
What structures does one check for head rotation on the base-posterior film
transverse foramen
-
Where are the traditional and alternate SBL dots placed on the APOM film?
- Jugular process
- Radio-dense area of occiput (ALT)
-
If the atlas listing shows no rotation and/or the axis is an ESL or ESR what would be adjusted and why?
It is considered a non-applicable thus treated as a constant (adjust greatest misalignment)
-
Describe a variable listing and what would be adjusted?
- Atlas and axis in opposite directions
- Adjust Atlas
-
What is a constant and what is adjusted?
- Atlas and Axis rotated in same direction
- Greatest misalignment adjusted
-
What is the SCP for a SpRt-Bp, ESL with no major?
Left lamina pedicle junction
-
What is the SCP for a SpRt-Bp, ESR with no major?
Mid-lamina (Rt)
-
What are the characteristics of the pediatric spine?
- Laxity of ligaments
- Cartilaginous flexibility
- Immature bone
-
What is the leg check challenge?
- In children, leg checks are done then a transverse process is pressed on
- If the legs balance or change side on the post leg check it indicates laterality to that side
-
What do hypermobility, bone destroying pathology, immediately following a CVA, Immediately following retinal surgery indicate?
Contraindicators
-
What are the distances and structures used to take the projection?
- Lateral: 72" through Atlas TP
- Nasium: 40" through inferior tip of mastoid processes
- Base PO: 36-40", 1" under chin 1/2" anterior to EAM
- APOM: 40" superimpose occlusal plate and base posterior
|
|
