AP GOV FINAL

• "produce the body"
• requires government officials to present a prisoner in court and to explain to the judge why the person is being held

• "after the fact"
• charged for committing a crime that wasn't a crime when the person committed the action

punishes an individual without judicial trial

• "privileges and immunities"- constitution protects all citizens
• due process- prohibits abuse of life, liberty, or property of any citizen, state rights were subordinate to Fed rights
• equal protection clause- constitution applies to all citizens equally

• marbury v madison
• the power of the supreme court to judge the constitutionality of a law

• civil rights act of 1964
• sometimes laws can guarantee rights

prohibits gov from establishing an official church

allows people to worship as they please

• threat to national security
• libel- false written statement attacking one's character with intent to harm
• obscenity
• symbolic speech- action to convey a message

• griswold v connecticut
• roe v wade

• 5th and 14th amendment
• forbids national and state gov to "deny any person life, liberty, or property without due process of law"
• procedural- fair trial
• substantive- fundamental fairness

• 4th amendment
• freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
• prevent police abuse
• mapp v ohio

• 5th amendment
• no one "shall be compelled to be a witness against himself"
• miranda v arizona

• two or more governments exercise power and authority over the same people in the same territory
• relationship between federal and state governments

• defends the constitution
• explains why a strong gov is necessary
• defends separation of powers between state and national gov

powers given to fed gov by constitution

state power alone

shared

denied from both

• "necessary and proper clause"
• congress has power to make necessary laws
• because it is impossible to predict all the powers congress will need

• bank of US in maryland, maryland didnt want the competition, maryland taxed the bank to put it out of business, mcculloch, BoUS employee, refused to pay state tax
• declared a bank of the US constitutional
• state cannot tax federal gov

• regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and wish the indian tribes
• stretched with elastic clause

buying and selling of goods and services

• steamboat case
• nation overruled state in interstate trade issues

federal government can trump state laws permitting medicinal marijuana

• layer cake
• federal and state governments remain dominant in their separate spheres of influence

• marble cake
• state and federal governments work together to solve complex problems

money

money paid from one level of gov to another to be spent for a specific surpose

• target specific purposes and "strings attached"
• ie- state receive funds if they raised age to 31 and lower BAC to .08

requirement that a state undertake an activity or proved a service

return of power to the state gov

• built on compromise, promotes unity
• gov duties can be split up
• brings gov closer to people
• allows state gov to address issues in unique regions of the country
• allows states to experiment with policy

• states can impede progress of nation
• states are unequal
• states have different policy
• easier for states to be dominated by interest group

right to vote

19th amendement

26th amendment

• absentee voting
• high number of offices to elect
• weekend/non holiday voting

factors that influence a person's opinion

coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy

polling after voting

• controls the media
• no one may operate radio/tv stations without their license

journalists whose sole job is to follow the president

responsibly for addressing the press daily and answer questions for the president

• synonymous with tough and dirty politics
• "the ends justify the means"
• "it is better to be feared than loved"

who gets what, when, and how (and where)

• "the only valid government is one based on the consent of the governed" (Locke)
• rulers and citizens enter into an agreement, or a social contract

ability of one person to cause another person to act in accordance

right to use power

what makes the law or leader a source of "right"

• 1. universal suffrage (everyone can vote)
• 2. political equality (all votes counted equally)
• 3. majority rule
• 4. gov responds to public opinion

citizens create/vote on laws

• citizens elect reps
• gov mediates popular views

leaders are forced to follow the wishes of the people because majority rules

• groups compete and compromise with each other to get the gov to do what they want
• must COMPROMiSE
• most popular theory today

groups or people who possess the most power (money or influence) dominate gov

appointed officials dominate the gov through unelected jobs

meets every 4 years, nominates president

manages party affairs on daily basis

supports party's candidates

manages daily work

• 1. connect citizens to gov (linkage institution)
• 2. run candidates for political office
• 3. inform the public- help voters decide who to vote for in elections
• 4. organizing government- coordinate gov policy-making

parties can reach out to voters personally and "get out the vote" on a local level

weak membership, more independents or moderates

• strong party membership
• support all candidates for one party

voting for candidates from multiple parties

• the person with the most votes wins
• dont need over 50%

• british colonial rule
• all power flows from one central gov

• articles of confederation
• power concentrated in political subunits (states) with a weak central gov (typically unite for a common goal)

• constitution
• powers are divided and/or shared between state and central governments
• current gov designed by framers

• weak central gov
• no central law
• no control of taxation, commerce between states or with foreign nations, money system
• no executive
• individual and state liberties not threatened
• unicameral congress with one vote per state
• gov has no control

• revise the articles of confederation
• Virginia plan & new jersey plan

• favored large states
• strong central gov
• bicameral legislature

• strong central gov
• unicameral congress
• states have equal votes

• bicameral legislature
• senate- 2 members from each state

allow the south to count 3/5 the population in each state to balance the power of north and south

• power to govern belongs to the people
• gov based on the consent of the governed

division of gov between branches: executive, judicial, legislative

branches have some authority over the others

• gov is not all-powerful
• only does what citizens allow

division of power between central gov and individual states

• passes law
• congress

• enforces law
• president

• interprets law
• supreme court

amendment proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of congress and ratified in at least 3/4 of state legislatures

• federalist- in favor of adoption of US constitution creating a federal union and strong central gov
• anti-federalist- opposed to ratification in 1787, opposed to strong central gov

• want to pass policy but dont run their own candidates for office
• can access/influence many points and levels of gov

• links people and gov
• gives voice to the people

labor unions, agricultural, business, profesisonal

public interest, environmental

racial issues, gender issues, minority issues

• influence gov policy
• call/email officials, meet and socialize, go to lunch, testify at committee hearings, ask for political favors

favorable lawmaking

• strongest branch
• separation of lawmaking power from executive
• bicameralism balances large & small states

• 435 members
• 2 year term
• 7 year citizen
• initiate impeachment
• revenue bills
• strict debate rules

• 100 members
• 6 year term
• 9 year citizen
• tries impeachment
• approve presidential appointments
• approve treaties
• loose debate rules

congress can restrict the fed budget prepared by the executive branch

congress makes set amount of money available for various activity in a fiscal year

• 1. speaker of the house
• 2. majority leader
• 3. majority whip

• 1. pres of the senate (vice president)
• 2. pres pro tempore
• 3. majority leader (most powerful)
• 4. majority whip

• allows people to speak on the floor
• assigns bills to committees
• influences which bills are brought to a vote
• appoints members of special and select committees

• schedules senate business
• prioritizes bills

unequal population in districts

redrawing district boundaries in strange ways to make it easy for candidate of one party to win

• 1. introduce bill
• 2. committee
• 3. rules committee
• 4. floor debate
• 5. voting

• president has 10 days to act on a piece of legislation
• if he receives the bill within 10 days of the end of the congressional session, and doesnt sign it, it dies

where bills are passed, changed, ignored, or killed

• handle bills in different policy areas
• most important
• have been "standing" (existing) for a long time

• formed for specific purposes and usually temporary 
• run investigations

• consist of both house and senate members
• similar in purpose to select committee
• meant to draw attention to issues

• consist of both house reps and senators
• formed to hammer out differences between house and senate versions of similar bills

"earmarks"- bills to benefit constituents in hope of gaining their votes

congress members exchange botes

• 1. military power
• 2. diplomatic power
• 3. appointment power
• 4. veto power

• commander in chief (civilian control)
• send armed forces abroad

• pres must report to congress within 48 hours after deploying troops
• if congress does not OK in 60 days, must withdraw
• check on president, attempt to limit pres

• create treaties
• executive agreement
• diplomatic recognition

• appoint ambassadors, public officers, and supreme court judges with senate approval
• civil service- most gov jobs under executive filled based on merit system

• return the bill to house it originated in
• no action in 10 days= bill becomes law

presidential practice of refusing to spend money appropriated by congress

veto certain parts of a bill, but not other parts

pres and congress majority represent different political parties

• preside over the senate, tie breaking vote
• takes over presidency if the president cannot finish the term

advises on military and foreign policy

• prepares national budget
• largest office

advises with economic planning

house impeaches, senate tries the pres, chief justice presides over the trial

large, complex organization of appointed, not elected, officials

individuals have unique jobs, division of labor

clear policies for the organization to follow

bureaucrats have the power to execute laws and policies passed down by the pres or congress

develop procedures and rules for reaching the goal of a new policy

check private business activity

• three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests
• legislators get funding from interest groups and make laws reality with the help of the bureaucracy
• interest groups provide valued info to bureaucrats and money to legislators
• bureau chiefs implement legislator policy and interest group goals

rewarding supporters with jobs

• created by andrew jackson
• each pres turned over the bureaucracy

created in response to criticism of patronage, more jobs will be selected based on merit

agency employees cant participate in political activities

allows courts to rule on the constitutionality of laws, giving the court the power to strike down or reinforce policy

justices in the majority must draft an opinion setting out the reasons for their decision

justices who agree for other reasons can give their opinion

justices who disagree with the opinion write their side

seek approval from local senators over locally appointed judges