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it is the change across generation in proportion to individuals who differ genetically in traits within a population which leads to new entities possessing different state of one or more characteristics.
evolution
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what the scientific method consists of
- making an observation
- making an assertion or hypothesis
- doing an experiment
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why is knowledge important scientifically, socially, and from a practical point of view?
- 1. it is a unifying theme of all biology
- 2. misguided information about evolution can be used to defend social inequality, racism, and to attack the scientific method.
- 3. it has practical uses such as medicine, climate change and pest control.
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why is evolution a fact?
because of all the facts that demonstrate how evolution has happened.
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why is evolution considered a theory
there are a collection of tests and supported hypotheses to explain the facts.
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what four lines of evidence did darwin use to develop the idea of evolution by natural selection
- 1. biogeographical
- 2. fossils
- 3. population biology
- 4. artificial selection
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what five lines of evidence based on historical biogeography
- 1. the islands are similar but different
- 2. the islands are similar to but different than the mainland.
- 3. the islands are young
- 4. different forms on different islands
- 5. all thought the islands have similar geological histories and environments the fauna is different
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beleived offspring inherited phenotype from the parents
lamarck
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suggested the processes that build land forms take eons of time
hutton
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wrote the principles of geology
lyell
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observed that sooner or later population gets checked by famine
malthus
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wrote fundamental theorem of evolution
fisher
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we are sitting in a cave with the fire to our backs
plato
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said, nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution
dobzhansky
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discovered the moons of jupiter
galileo
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scopes trial?
a biology teacher taught evolution in the classroom
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modern synthesis?
it was incorporating genetic mechanisms of inheritance into evolution principles
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the process by which the genetic code of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis
genetic expression
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what two processes result in same gendered siblings looking differently than each other
- recombination/crossing over
- independent assortment of alleles
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a type of dominance where the dominant gene completely masks the effect of the recessive allele
complete dominance
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the condition of a heterozygote having a phenotype that is more pronounced or better adapted than that of either homozygote
overdominance
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when a single gene has more than one dominant allele
codominance
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the interaction between two or more genes to control a single phenotype
epistasis
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the phenotype depends on alleles in multiple genes
polygenic trait
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when one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits
pleiotropy
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two or more discreet forms within a population
polymorphisms
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predictable variation in phenotype along a geographic or ecological gradient
cline
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marked variation in the phenotype due to the environment only
phenotypic plasticity
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rate of evolution by natural selection in a trait is positively dependent on amount of genetic variation underlying the trait
fisher's fundamental theorem
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the fraction of the total variation that is due to the additive effects of genes
heritability
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rule: colder climate= shorter
warmer climate = longer
allen's rule
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the higher the elevation the shorter the plant
common garden experiment
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how many genes for tunnel length
3
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how many genes for escape tunnel
1
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two main types of mutations
- chromosomal
- amounts
- rearrangements
- gene identity
- substitution
- frameshift
- transposition
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type of substition
pur for pur
trnasition
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type of substition
pur for pyr
transversion
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2 unreduced gametes from the same parent
autopolyploidy
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fusion of unreduced gametes from different parents
allopolyploidy
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two conditions for natural selection
- 1. variation in a trait
- 2. magnitude of a trait provides some survival
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according to fishers fundamental theorem of natural selection the rate of evolution depends on
h^2
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types of chromosomal mutations
- aneuploidy
- allopolyploidy
- autopolypoloidy
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what type of selection was in the golden rod stem galler
stabilizing
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one reason HIV is so successful
its reverse transcriptase is so successful
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who proposed natural selection as a mechanism of evolution
darwin and wallace
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the number of offspring an individual has relative to others in the population
relative fitness
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different forms of the same gene
alleles
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thomas jefferson and what extinct aniumal
giant ground sloth
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wallace's line is likely due to
a deep underseas channel
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when dinosaur tracks were first discovered they were thought to have been made by
ancient birds
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recent chinese fossils demonstrate
the closest living relatives of modern birds are crocodilians
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he proposed the sarawak law
wallace
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what is HBs
allele that codes for sickle cell
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the event that produced the current pattern of genetic diversity in missouri collard lizard
population bottleneck
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ultimate source of genetic variation in natural populations
mutation
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in the ice fish an antifreeze gene has arisen through
gene duplication
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one problem not associated with trying to discern adaptations
estimating heritability of the trait under consideration
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to predict the change in frquency of an allele under selection on must not know
whether it is fast or slow
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genetic variation can be high in the face of strong selection under conditions of
heterzygote advantage
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example of genetic drift
bottleneck
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selective force leading to reduced gene flow in palm species
different soil type
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instant speciation can occur in plants as a result of
hybridization and polyploidization
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process that leads to gene family production
unequal crossing over
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states that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant
hardy weinberg
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four requirements necessary for hardy wein berg
- infinite population
- random mating
- no selection
- no new alleles
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1-s = w
- s = selection coefficient
- w = fitness
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genetic diversity in collard lizard populations have been most strongly influenced by which force
genetic drift
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what caused genetic drift in collard lizards
population bottleneck
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one problem not associated with trying to discern adaptation is
estimating heritability of the trait under construction
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in the scale eating fish
fitness is negatively correlated with abundance
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contribution of motoo
theory of molecular evolution
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process by which hemoglobin has evolved
gene duplication
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what is the most important process by which biochemical pathways have evolved
gene duplication
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multiple copies of the same gene
gene families
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for which kind of gene is evolution the highest
pseudogene
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differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons
codon bias
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process by which a new species is formed
speciation
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species are groups of actual or potential interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated
biological species concept
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groups of populations that share general morphological and ecological traits
taxonomic species concept
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six problems of the species concepts
- 1. morphology and interbreeding do not match
- 2. evolution is continuously happening
- 3. allopatric populations
- 4. ring species
- 5.asexual species
- 6.extinct forms
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chain of interbreeding races or subspecies the ends of which overlap but do not interbreed
ring species
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the inability to breed successfully due to things like geographical differences
reproductive isolation
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three stages of speciation
- isolation
- divergence
- re-inforcement
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event that splits a species distribution into two or more isolated ranges and prevents gene flow
vicariance event
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reversion to previous evolutionary states
atavisms
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