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Five characteristics of Kingdom Monera
- Prokaryotes
- Autotrophic (blue green bacteria)
- Heterotropica
- unicellular
- Found throughout the world
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Kingdom Protista characteristics
- Eukaryotic
- Unicellular or multicellular
- heterotrophic or autotrophic
- water or body fluids
- "dumping ground"
- Three groups
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Fungus-like protists
- Heterotropic
- Don't move
- Water mold, slim mold, potato blight
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Plant like Protists
- Autotrophs
- unicellular & multicellular
- Ex. euglena, diatoms, seaweed
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Animal like protists
- heterotrophic
- classified by how they move
- sometimes called the protozoans
- Paramecium, amoeba, plasmodi
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Contractile vacuole
- Used b y paramecium to remove excess water
- (freshwater protists)
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Cilia
- hair like structures used for movement
- (freshwater protists)
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Flagella
- whip like tail used for movement
- (freshwater protists)_
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Pseudopods
- "false foot" used for streaming of cytoplasm for movement; also used to engulf food
- (freshwater protists)
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Phototaxis
- Protista adaptive behavior = moving towards (positive) or away (negative) from light
- Example - Euglena eyespot for photosynthesis
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Chemotaxis
- Moving toward (+) or away (-) from chemicals like food or toxin
- Phototaxis and chemotaxis also can occur in bacteria and animals
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4 characteristics of Kingdom Fungi
- Eukaroyotic
- Heterotropic
- cell wall composed of Chitin
- Uni- or multi cellular
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Five characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
- Eukaryotic
- autotrophic
- multicellular
- true roots, stems & leaves
- cell wall composed of cellulose
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Vascular classification of:
moss & liverworts
Ferns
gymnosperms
angiosperms
- non-vascular
- vascular
- vascular
- vascular
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Mosses have no ___ tissue, so materials travel between cells or the environment using ____ or ____. Plants must live in _____ locations and stay small, close to the ground
vascular; osmosis; diffusion; moist
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Ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms all use ___ and ___ to transport ___ and ____
Xylem; phloem; food ; water
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Excretion is the removal of nitrogen ____. Plants ____ waste that they produce in _____ and do not excrete waste _____
wasters; store; vacuoles; animals
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Specialized salt glands
How plants get rid of excess salt (for plants that live in salt water)
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Where cellular respiration occurs in plants
Mitochondria (glucose to ATP)
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SToma
where the exchange of CO2, O2 and H20 occurs in plant leaves
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Xylem & Phloem
Transport water up (xylem) and food down (phloem) the plant
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Plant nutrition
Autotrophs; make their own through photosynthesis
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Glucose
Used as energy by plants to make other molecules like starch, protein or fats
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Phosphorus, potassium & nitrogren
Examples of materials needed by plants to help make food
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Reproduction in plants
- Plants can reproduce sexually or asexually
- Example of asexual - cuttings - allows for rapid and frequent reproduction
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Sexual reproduction in plants increases _____
Genetic diversity
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methods of sexual reproduction in plants
- spores
- gametes (egg & sperm)
- seeds
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Spore
A unit of asexual reproduction and is one part of the life cyle
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Gamete
are the units of sexual reproduction
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Moss & fern sexual reproduction
sperm swims to egg
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Gymnosperm and angiosperms sexual reproduction
sperm is enclosed in pollen and gets to female part of plant by wind or other aniimals
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Exposed versus enclosed seeds
Gymnosperms / angiosperms (see diagram)
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What do seeds need to develop
warmth and moisture
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What are the two main problems with life on land for plants
dehydration and support
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What structures of the plant overcome the problems on land of support and hydration?
- Vascular tissue (tranport food and water & support)
- Cuticle (waxy covering)
- Pollen (protects sperm from drying out; no need for water for fertilization)
- seed coat (protects seed from drying out)
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Purpose of flower and fruit
- Flowers attract pollinators
- Fruit aid in seed dispersal
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4 characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
- Eukaryotic
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
- able to move at some stage of their life
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Simplest animals ___
Most complex animals ____
sponges; mammals
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Invertebrates vs. vertebrates
Without backbones / with backbones
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Transport in simple animals uses ____ and _____
Osmosis; diffusion
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Clams have _____ circulatory systems with heart but no veins or arteries, but only blood that transports food, waste and gasses
Clams
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Most animals have ___ circulatory systems with ____ and _____
closed; heart; arteries
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excretion is the removal of _______ wastes
Nitrogen wastes
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Nitrogen wastes are produced when ____ are broken down
protein
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Excretion can also help maintain ____ balance
water
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Kidneys, nephridia, flame cells and diffusion are used by animals to _____
remove toxic wastes
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Marine animals have special glands for _____
removing excess salt
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Buffers
help blood maintain constant pH of 7.4
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When you exercise, CO2 in your blood increases and ____ lowers
pH
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Respiration is the exchange of ____, ____ and ____ between organism and atmosphere
CO2, H20 and O2
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Respiratory surfaces must be ____ and ____ so that gasses can ______
thin; moist; diffuse
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Three main respiratory systems
- Directly through membranes or skin (earthworms)
- gills (acquatic organisms)
- Lungs (terrestial organisms)
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Nutrition in animals - all animals are ____
heterotrophs
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Carnivors; insectivores; herbivores
meat, insects; plants
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animal teeth and mouth parts vary by ____
What they eat
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Characteristics of carnivor mouth and digestive tract
Teeth or beak; short digestive tract
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charactericstics of herbivore digestive system and mouth
specialized grinding teeth; long digestive tract
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Most animals reproduce _____, with a few simple animals reproducing ______
sexual; asexual
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Most aquatic animals have _____ fertilization, terrestirial animals have ______ fertilization
external; internal
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examples of asexual reproduction in animals
budding in hydra;
regeneration in flatworms and starfish
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Acquatic animals have external _____ and then _____ development; Many ___ are produced since many will be ______
fertization; external; eggs; eaten
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Monotremes
Marsupials
Mammals
- non-placental
- partial placental
- placental
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Placenta
organ that connects the fetus to the mother; exchange fo gasses, food and waste
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Major problems for animal adaption to life on land
dehydration, support and tempurature
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overcoming problems on land for animals
- thidck outer covering like fur, scales feathers
- lungs
- skeleton
- internal fertilization
- amniote eggs (bird and reptiles)
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