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What is the actual cause of the clinical presentation in pseudodementia?
Undiagnosed depression
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What is the major clinical presentation of dementia?
Amnesia
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What is the most common insidius vascular cause of dementia?
Binswanger's Disease
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What area is damaged in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
- mammillary bodies
- Fornix
- Wall of third ventricle
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What percent of Dementia is reversible?
10 percent
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What does Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cause?
Spongiform encephalopathies
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What causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
Prion (infectious protein)
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How long does it take Creutzfeld-Jakob disease to cause complete dementia?
usually within 6 months
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What is apraxia?
Damage to the parietal lobe causes an inability to execute voluntary motor movement despite normal muscle function
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What is the inability to recognize by sight while recognizing it through another modality?
Visual agnosia
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What is Multiple system atrophy (Shy-Drager Syndrome)?
impairments autonomic functions, has parkinson's like presentations
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What are the areas of involvement in huntington's disease? What is the age of onset?
- Caudate Nucleus
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- 35-50 years of age
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What chromosome holds the mutant gene for huntington's disease?
4th
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What is the probable mechanism cell death in huntingtons's disease?
Glutamate excitotoxicity
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What disease follows group A Beta-hemolytic strep infection (rheumatic fever)?
- Sydenham's Chorea
- (St. Vitus' Dance)
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Explain Wilson's disease (Hepatolenticular degeneration)
- mutation of the long arm of chromosome 13 causes copper to not be metablized which initially affects the liver then putamen)
- onset is teenage to young adult
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What is the cause of tardive dyskinesia?
neuroleptic medications damage dopaminergic transmission in the brain
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What are the signs of basal ganglionic dysfunction?
- Rigidity
- Dyskinesias
- Difficulty startying and stoping movement
- normal voluntary muscle strengh and stretch reflexes
- No muscular atrophy
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Which of the following is not part of the basal ganglia: Caudate nucleus, putamen, hypothalamus, globus pallidus, amygdala, claustrum?
Hypothalamus
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What part of the basil ganglia constitutes the neuostriatum?
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Where does the basal ganglia send to and receive information from?
Cortex
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What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
modulation of movement
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What is athetosis and what causes it?
- it is spontaneous and continuous writhing movements
- Caused by a lesion to globus pallidus
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What is hemiballism and what causes it?
- sudden flailing movments of the limbs
- caused by lesion to the subthalamus
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What is chorea and what part of the basal ganglia is damaged to cause it?
- Quick jerky movements (dance like)
- Lesion to the Putamen
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What are the two ways the striatum communicates with the thalamus?
- Direct : overall excitatory
- Indirect: overall inhibitory
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Where is the lesion in huntington's disease?
Corpus Striatum
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How does dopamine effect the direct and indirect pathways?
- 1.Direct- excitatory
- 2.
- Indirect- inhibitory
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Which hemisphere is more strongly associated with language?
Left Hemisphere
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What would a damage of Broca's area cause?
Dysarthria
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What are the signs of damage to Wernicke's area?
- Difficulty understanding language
- Speech is preserved but illogical
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What disease can cause a lesion to the hippocampus and what symptoms would a patient present with?
- Herpies Simplex
- Cannot form new memories
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What structures are involved in the memory circuit?
Hippocampus-->Fornix-->mammilary bodies-->Anterior thalamic nucleus
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What are the clinical symptoms of an TIA in the carotid territory?
- Amaurosis Fagas (monocular blindness)
- Hemiparesis
- aphasia
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Where is the occlusion in weber syndrome?
posterior cerebellar artery
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Where is the occlusion in Wallenberg syndrome and what are the symptoms?
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
- Hoarseness, vertigo, nausea, numbness, clumsiness
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What is the most common pyogenic infection?
- Acute suppurative meningitis
- (Leptomeningitis)
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What does poliomyelitis affect?
Anterior horn cells
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What are the formations called in rabies?
Cytoplasmic inclusions via Negri Body
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What neurological disorder is similar to alzheimer's disease but involves only the vrontal and temporal lobe? women more frequently than men.
Picks disease
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What artery is damaged in epidural hemmorrhage?
Middle meningeal artery
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