-
a basic difference between a parliament such as great Britain and the U.S. Congress is that
party leaders in a parliament can more acceptably pressure their members to vote with the party.
-
Throughout the past decades, congress has consistently become more
localistic
-
legislators who think of themselves as trustees are most likely to
do what they perceive is best
-
leadership carries more power in the house than in the senate because.
house rules closely regulate debate and the scheduling of business
-
standing committees are of two types, those that influence public policy and those that
serve constituency groups
-
increased reliance on staff has made congress more.
individualistic
-
under that constitution, bills can originate in either house of congress with the exception of
bills for raising revenue, which must begin in the house.
-
a joint resolution
has the force of law
-
probably the main reason behind the domination of congress by the democrats for four decades until the mid 1990 is
incumbency
-
the greatest source of presidential power is
politics and public opinion
-
presidents, even with great majorities of their own party in congress, experience difficulty in exercising legislative leadership because.
the president is unable to control congress, unlike a prime minister.
-
Andrew Jackson established the practice that the presidents veto can be used.
on policy grounds even when a bill may be constitutional
-
among the presidents who have had difficulty communicating with the public and have therefore encountered difficulty while in office are
johnson, nixon, george h. w. bush
-
the personal popularity of the president has its greatest effect on.
how congress treats his legislative proposals
-
the area in which the president is strongest and encounters the least congressional interference is
foreign policy
-
the decisive check on presidential authority in foreign policy is
public opinion
-
in recent decades, all presidents have had to devote substantial amounts of their time to foreign affairs and to
economy
-
during most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, appointments to the civil service were based primarily on.
patronage.
-
a public official who decides to follow a course of action not specified in the law, but on that could be inferred from it, is most likely to be
exercising discretion.
-
the recruitment and retention policies of the civil service work to ensure that most bureaucrats have
an agency point of view
-
the reason legislative vetoes have been declared unconstitutional is that
any action having the force of law must be sent to the president for approval
-
the difference between a providentially and congressional oriented agency is that
providentially oriented agencies usually do not distribute benefits.
-
generally, government agencies prefer to
remain autonomous and independent of other agencies.
-
unlike members of parliament, members of congress can become involved in the details of lawmaking because.
congress is more internally decentralized and is more independent of the chief executive.
-
according to the original constitution, senators were to be elected by
the state legislatures.
-
the conservative coalition decreased in significance from the 1980sonward because
conservative southern democrats were replaced by republicans
-
a primary election is usually most influenced by
the individual candidates efforts
-
as conservative voters have more consistently supported the republican party and liberal voters have more consistently supported the democratic party, political deliberations have become increasingly
polarized.
-
members tend to vote with their parties in congress because
members tend to share the ideologies of the party with which they are affiliated.
-
the purpose of a conference committee is to
resolve differences between house and senate versions of a bill
-
which of the following statements about the current cloture rule is correct.
it requires three fifths of the entire senate membership to sign a petition to move cloture.
-
for members who seek to mirror their constituents views, the principal difficulty is
the lack of clear and consistent policy positions from their district
-
one of the apparent manifestations of congressional weakness during the 1960s and early 1970s was
presidential refusal to spend appropriated money
-
each state determines how to cast its electoral college votes. today, the system adopted by most of the states is.
winner take all
-
when a presidential election is thrown into the house, each _____ casts one vote
state delegation.
-
president Lincoln justified his unprecedented use of the vague powers granted in article 2
conditions created by civil war.
-
the rule of propinquity states that
power tends to be wielded by people who are in the room where a decision is made.
-
the impact of the presidential race upon the outcome of congressional elections is usually
is quite strong with a popular presidential candidate accounting for the victories of numerous congressional candidates of his party
-
as a rule, presidential popularity tends to
decrease the longer a president is in office.
-
presidents experience great difficulty in planning a program. one factor that prevents a president from creating a comprehensive program is the
fact that most federal expenditures are beyond the presidents control
-
the proportion of measures submitted by the president to congress that are approved is
less than half
-
in seeking reelection, most presidents have been
unsuccessful
-
one source for the expansion of presidential power has been
the presidents role in foreign affairs
-
political authority over the bureaucracy is
shared between the presidency and congress
-
the supreme courts current position on the regulatory power of federal agencies is that
congress can instruct an agency to make the decisions necessary to solve a policy problem
-
the reason the federal bureaucracy has not grown for over two decades is that
much federal work is handled indirectly by consultants and local governments
-
the civil service reform act of 1978 was designed to
allow the president more flexibility in recruiting for high level positions in the civil service
-
the political values of top level federal bureaucrats tend to be
more liberal than the average voter.
-
which of the following is true of an agency with a sense of mission
it can be resistant to direction from the president or congress
-
agencies become captured by interest groups because
agencies need strong allies in the private sector to lobby on their behalf.
-
removing an individual from office before his or her term has expired is called
recall
-
which of the following is a major strength of a parliamentary democratic system when compared to a presidential system
simplifies accountability to the electorate
-
both politics and policies differ between the American and European versions of democracy. the form of democracy developed in the united states is a product of its constitutional system and the
values of the American people
-
in a parliamentary system, the chief executive is usually chosen by the
legislature majority party
-
the goal of the American revolutions was
liberty
-
if the united states were operating today under the articles of confederation, a problem like pollution affecting the environment would be handled by
the individual states.
-
under the great compromise, senators were chosen by
state legislatures.
-
the constitution failed to outlaw slaver because
southern support was essential to the adoption of the document
-
the nature of the amendment process has probably kept the amendments added to the constitutions
relatively few in number
-
the power of popular majorities is limited by
judicial review
-
today, many people think of equality differently that the founders, they no believe that the role of the government is to
reduce differences in wealth
-
according to beard, the chief factor motivation the framers of the constitution was
economic self interest
-
perhaps the most obvious effect of federalism in the united states has been to
mobilize political activity
-
the civil war led to the expansion of the power of
the national government
-
for the founders, federalism was a device to
protect liberty
-
a federal grant designed for a specific purpose designed by a federal law is called
a categorical grant.
-
the doctrine of dual federalism grew out of a debate on the subject of
commerce
-
if you were a governor or mayor, you would probably be most likely to favor
block grants.
-
distributional formulas have created
rivalry among states
-
the efforts of republicans is congress since 1994 to pass on o the states many federal functions is referred to as
devolution
-
in a representative democracy
all of these above.
-
a liberal democracy is a government in which
personal rights and freedoms are given first priority
-
the liberties that the colonists fought to protect were based upon
natural rights created by god.
-
the reason that a movement emerged to revise the articles of confederation was Because
the nation appeared to be in danger, with internal order being lost
-
some historians have called the constitution a repudiation of the American revolution. the probable reason for this belief is that
the constitution created a central government with strong powers.
-
the concept of separation of powers involves
dividing up the functions of the government
-
giving sovereign power to the nation government and residual power to the states is referred to as
federalism
-
the framers of the constitution believed that two types of majorities were essential on important questions. they are majorities of
voters and states.
-
generally, the anti federalists felt that the government created by the constitution was
too strong and too centralized.
-
the constitution is based on the philosophical belief that
people are selfish but their ambition can be harnessed.
-
the ratification debates about the constitution focused on the question of
liberty
-
one of the things that has kept local governments independent of the national government is
the commitment of Americans to the ideal of local government.
-
a government is not federal unless its state and local units
exist independently of the preferences of the national government and make some decisions on their own.
-
the authority left to the states under the tenth amendment amounts to
all powers not delegated to the federal government by the constitution or prohibited by it to the states.
-
the civil war settled the issue that
the national government derived its sovereignty from the people.
-
the supreme court, in McCullough v. Maryland, decided in 1819 that
congress could exercise certain powers even though they were not specifically mentioned in the constitution.
-
the doctrine of nullification refers to the
authority of the states to declare a federal law void.
-
in the 1960s and 19070s, federal grants to states were increasingly based on
what federal officials perceived to be important states needs.
-
the term intergovernmental lobby refers to lobbying activities by
stat and local officials at the national government.
-
the difference between a mandate and a condition of aid is that
a mandate stipulates a certain action independent of federal funding, while a condition of aid stipulates how federal funds will be spent.
-
john Locke
natural rights doctrine
-
john Marshall
supremacy of national laws.
-
Thomas Jefferson
strict constructionist
-
James Madison
coalition of majorites
-
Alexander Hamilton
loose constructionist
-
concurrent power
authority to tax a persons personal income.
-
implied power
authority to establish a national bank
-
denied power
authority to pass an ex post facto law
-
reserved power
authority to regulate the use of land
-
delegated power
authority to regulate interstate commerce
-
over the past several decades, the political party benefiting from the gender gap or women distinctive policy preferences, has
changed from republicans to democrats
-
the constitution created a representative form of government. according to the intentions of the framers, the government should follow public opinion.
only to the extent that it agrees with certain substantive goals
-
the reason religion has an impact upon political attitudes is that
religion conveys a way of looking at human nature and human affairs
-
the national press plays the tole of gatekeeper. this means that it can
influence what subjects become national political issues
-
comparing the print media and the electronic media, we find that
electronic media are more competitive and more strictly regulated
-
electronic journalism has contributed to the decline in party loyalties because
politicians develop personal followings independent of party structure.
-
the mass media is not a true mirror of reality because
there is a process of selection, of editing, and of emphasis.
-
one explanation of the differences between American and European political parties is that
federalism promotes decentralization of both political authority and parties.
-
the current democratic and republican parties can be characterized as
autonomous, independent units organized at the local level
-
the text argues that the central problem of political parties today is
appealing to moderate voters despite ideological activeists
-
unlike those in the united states. interest groups have remained weak in Europe because.
political parties have stayed strong in Europe
-
information is an important resource available to interest groups because
members of congress must take positions on a large number of issues and need up to the minute information.
-
according to the text, the main reason people do not participate in politics
politics offers few rewards.
-
in voting, the average person behaves by
making retrospective decision on issues.
-
the increased reliance on the mass media by candidates has resulted in
an emphasis upon the personal qualities of candidates.
-
in most presidential elections, a majority of the voters deiced whom they will vote for
after the conventions
-
an electoral realignment occurs when
votes choose sides in new patterns.
-
between the two major parties in America there are
large policy differences among activists, and much smaller ones among rank and file.
-
mass media probably have the least effect on
how people vote in elections
-
people are less likely to take their cues from the media on
matters that affect them personally
-
funding for congressional elections comes from
private sources only
-
a simple random sample means that
every person has a equal chances of being selected.
-
a conservative today might oppose all of the following except
tax reduction.
-
according to careful study, the news media treat opposing candidates
about evenly
-
a major structural bias of television news is
covering events that can be presented visually
-
one reason for the decline in party identification is
the proportionally larger number young voters.
-
the nations convention of the republican party nominates
two candidates for public office.
-
which of these groups is more likely to cote
older people rather than younger people
-
typical, the candidate with the greatest advantage in a election is
the incumbent, who benefits from retrospective voting.
-
by most evidence in the 1990s party politics seemed to be
Dealigning.
-
poor voters, contrary to popular belief, more often support republican candidates because.
the poor include man elderly, retired persons who are traditionally republican.
-
the growth of numerous public interest lobbies in the 1960s was an example of interest groups formed as a result of
the enlargement of governmental responsibilities.
-
in general, the influence of radio and television on political beliefs has
reinforced existing beliefs but probably not changed them
-
the value of information, the power of the lobbyist, and thus the success of interest groups are greatest when the issue.
is fairly narrow
-
soft money refers to unrestricted donations which can be given
to national parties for party building.
-
one major effect of ticket splitting in national elections is an
divide government, in which on party controls the presidency, the other congress.
-
in order to win the party nomination, candidates need to appear
liberal if democrats, conservative if republican.
-
in an off year election, the presidents party almost always
loses seats in congress.
-
registration requirements have
reduced the number of people voting.
-
voting rights act of 1965
made the literacy test illegal
-
when a voter decides to support a candidate ion the basis of the persons past record, such as vote is called
retrospective.
-
the benefit of television to campaigns for national office is that it not only reaches more people but also
is the information sources most people trust
-
today a person wanting to win a election will most often seek the support of
a personal following
-
the text concludes that elections
are often significant in producing change.
-
the reason for greater participation by American in civic associations is
their sense of political efficacy and civic duty.
-
national party conventions
selects party vice presidential candidates
-
state presidential primaries
selects party delegates
-
electoral college
selects U.S president
-
national party committees
selects national party chairman
-
direct primaries
select party candidates for the U.S. Congress.
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