physio

Atonia: no tone; codition of complete muscle inactivity produced by the inahibiton of motor neurons

• psychoanalytic reading
• activation synthisis
• Evolutionary Hypothesis

• -sigmund Freud
• -Dreams are symbolic and fullfilment of unconcious wishes
• -Manifest content
• - Latent content

- loosly connected series of bizarre images and actions

true meaning of dream

• -the cortex is bombarded with signals from the breainstem, producing the pattern of waking EEG
• -cortex genertates images, actions and emotions from personal memory stores
• - dreams are personal no meaning

• Annttio
• Dreams are highly orgainized and biased toward threatening images
• Dreams are biologically and important bc they lead to enhanced performance

• Passive
• Biological Adaption
• BRAC - basic rest activity cycle
• Restorative process

• Early explanation that sleep is a passive process that takes place as a result of a decrease in sensory stimulation
• Does not account for the complexity of sleep
• No direct evidence - sensory deprivation research has shown that people actaully sleep less, not more when placed in isolated enviorments

• Sleep is energy-conserving strategy
• Animals that are predators sleep morer than animlas on prey
• Nocturnal or diurnal animals will sleep during those times in which they cannot travel

• Reccuring cycle of temporal packets
• 90 min periods in human
• fundamental that it cannot be turned off even at night
• body is paralyized during REM sleep

• Possible sleep hypothsis
• sleep depriviation studies
• micro sleep

• Chemical events that provide energy to cells may be reduced during waking and are replinshed during sleep
• Fatigue and alertness may be simply be aspects of the circadian rhythms and nothing to do with wear and tear on the body

lead to decreased cognitive performance, especially on boring tasks or when the task requires sustained attention

• brief period of sleep lasting a second or so
• confounding factor in cognitive performance following sleep deprivation

Spend more time in REM sleep in the first available sleep session

• sleep plays a role in solidifying and organizing events in memory
• place cell : hippocampal neuron that fires

• 1994
• groups of place cell that fired diromg a fppd searching task - samse thing fired during sleep
•  Importance if NREM sleep for memory storage

• 2000
• used to PET imaging to record a brain activity while human subjects performed during a serial reaction time task
• PET imaging during subsequant sleep revealed tha the same brain regions that were active during the task were also during REM sleep
• REM sleep is strengthened the memory task

• assocaited with sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arrousal
• often called the reticular formation
• stimulation of the RAS produces a waking EEG, damage to it produces a slow wave EEG

mixture of cell nuclei and nerve fibers that run throught the center of the brain stem

• prolonged states of unconsciouness resembling sleep
• can result from brain damage ( RAS Damage)

contains cholinergic cells that secrete acetylcholine onto neocortical neurons that stimulate a waking EEG (beta) rhythm

• insomnia
• narcolepsy
• sleep apnea
• sleep paralysis
• cataplexy
• hypnogogic hallucination

disorder of slow wave sleep resulting in prolonged inability to sleep

slow wave sleep disorder which a person uncontrollabilty falls asleep at inappororaite times; may be due to mutations in the gene that produces hypocrite orexin peptide

inability to breath during sleep

inability to move during sleep owing to the brains inhibition of motor neurons

form of narcolepsy linked to strong emotional stimulation in which an animal loses all muscle activity or tone

dreamlike event at the beginning of sleep or while a person is in a state of CATAPLEXY

cognitve interpretation of subjective feelings

behavior that seems purposeful and goal directed

• expermental setup in which a subject is allowed only restricted sensory input; subjects generally have a low tolerance for deprivation
• brain has inherent need for stimulation
• without stimulation = very distresssed

hypothical state of arousal that motivates an organism to engage in particauler behavior

• once a behavior is started, it will continue until all the enery in its reservior is gone
• there are separate stores of energy for different behaviors

behavioral change correlates with changes in hormones and cellular activity

• the brain must have a set of norms against which it can match stimuli so as to trigger an appropriate response
• IRM's prewired into the breain but modified by experiences
• detects specific sensory stimuli and directs an organism to take particular action

process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow, fixed ranged

• behavior motivated to meet the survival needs of the animal
• controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
• body temp

• behaviors unnecessary to meet the basic survial needs of the animal
• not controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
• most involve in frontal lobes more than hypothalamus
• aggression

• Tract that connects structures in the brainstem with various parts of the limbic system
• Forms of activiting projections form the breainstem to the basal ganglia nad frontal cortex
• dopamine-containing fibers are involved in a reward and therefore contribute to maby motivated behaviors

• posterior
• anterior
• releasing hormones

• neural tissue
• continuation of hypothalamus

• glandular tissue
• synthesizes various hormones

peptides that a released by the hypothalamus and act to increase or decrease the realease of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

• feedback loops
• neural control
• experiental responses

control the amount of hormone that is released

• other brain regions that influence hormane release
• example - limbic, fortonal lobes

experiences can alter the structure and function of hypothalamic neurons

• hippocampus
• cingulate gyrus
• amygdala

• distinctive three-layer subcortical structure of the limbic system lying in the medial temporal region of the temporal lobes
• play a role in species specific behaviors, memory and spatial navigation
• vunerable to the effects of stress

• coordinates senory input with emotions
• emotional respones to pain
• regulates aggressive behavior

• almond shaped collection of the nuclei located within the limbic sustem
• plays a role with emotional and species specific behaviors
• multimodal- many neurons respond to more than one sensory modality

dorsolateral/inferior - involved in specifying the goals towards which movement should be made

• physiological changes produced by the autonomic nervous system come first - interputs them as an emotion
• evidence - itensity of emotions in individuals with spinal cord damage depends on level at which the spinal cord wias severed

behavioral syndrome, characterized especially by hypersexuality, that results from bilateral injury to temporal lobe

• serve effects on social and emotional behavior
• inability to experience and express their own emotions
• recognize the emotional expressions of others
• inability to plan nad organize - poor decsion making

• Aphagia
• Hyperphagia

• failure to eat
• may by due to unwillingness to ear or to motor difficulties - espically with swallowing
• observed following lesions to the lateral hypothalamus

• disorder in which an animal over eats
• leading to significant weight gain
• observed during follwoing lesions to the ventromedial hypothalamus or the paraventricular nuclues

• compared with heterosexual females and hertrosexual males
• preoptic area contains twcie as many neurons
• bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is 2.5 larger
• INAH3 region is 2 times larger

Hormones - Neurons - Genes - Proteins

• steriod hormone
• peptide hormone
• homeostatic hormones
• gonadal hormones
• glucocorticoids

• fat soluble chemical messenger synthesised from cholestrol
• examples - Gondal hormones(sex) thyriod

• chemcial messenger sysnthized by cellular DNA that acts to affect the tartet cells physiology
• example - isulin, growth hormone

• control reproductive fuctions
• sexual developement and behavior

maintain a state of internal metabolic balance and regualtion of physiological system

secreted in times of stress important in protein and carb metabolism