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network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction
social structure
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is a socially defined position in a group or in a society
status
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is the behavior- the rights and obligations- expected of someone occupying a particular status
role
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is assigned according to qualities beyond a persons control
ascribed status
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individuals acquire this status through their own direct efforts
achieved status
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plays the greatest role in shaping a persons life and determining his or her social idenity
master status
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are the behaviors of social structure that bring statuses to life
roles
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are corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses
reciprocal role
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socially determined behavior expected of a person performing a role
role expectations
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peoples actual role behavior- does not always match the behavior expected by society
role performance
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different role attached to a single status
role set
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occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status make it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status
role conflict
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occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status
role strain
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is the process people go through to detach from a role that has been central to their self-identity
role exit
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these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society
social institution
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what are the 5 basic social institutions?
family, economic institutions, political institutions, education, and religion
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the reason or drive that a person does something
motivation
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whenever people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions
exchange
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the idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return
reciprocity
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people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with others
exchange theory
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occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
competition
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is the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person
conflict
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occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person
cooperation
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is a state of balance between cooperation and conflict
accommodation
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what are the four types of accomodatoin?
compromise, truce, mediation, arbitration
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occurs when the two parties at odds each give up something to come to a mutual agreement
compromise
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temporarily brings a halt to the competition or conflict until a compromise can be reached
truce
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calling in a third party who acts as the adviser and counselors to guide the two parties toward an agreement
mediation
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a third party makes a decision that is binding on both parties
arbitrtatoin
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is a set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity
group
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food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal labor
preindustrial society
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what are the four types of preindustrial societies?
hunter-gather, pastoral, horticultural,agricultural
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a type of society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity, production of goods to the production of manufactured goods
industrial society
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a type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provisions of services (technology) rather than on manufacturing
postindustrial society
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a group that produces or is based on community of interests, objectives, and standards
solidarity
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the close-knit social relationships common in preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks
mechanical solidarity
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impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization, division of labor
organic solidarity
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community, most people know one another, relationships are close, and activities center in family and community
gemeinschaft
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society, people share a strong sense of group solidarity, relationship based on need rather than emotion
gesellschaft
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occurs whenever the actions of one person cause another person or persons to act
interaction
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when people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction
aggregate
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is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status
social category
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four major functions of a group?
must consist of two or more people, there must be interaction among members, group members must have shared expectations, the members must posses some sense of common identity
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the smallest group possible, a group with two members
dyad
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a three person group
tryad
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the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined
formal group
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there is no official structure or established rules of conduct
informal group
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is a small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on direct and personal basis
primary group
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is a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
secondary group
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any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt
reference group
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the group that a person belongs to and identifies
in-group
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any group that the person does not belong to or identify
out-group
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people interact with one another regularly on the internet
electronic community
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the web of relationships formed by the sum of a persons interactions with other people
social network
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people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others, can be assigned
leader
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are task oriented leaders
instrumental
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are emotion oriented leaders
expressive
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behavior in accordance with accepted rules or conventions
conformity
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describes a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals
formal orgainziations
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is a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
bureaucracy
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involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control
rationality
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what are the five models of bureaucracies?
division of labor, ranking of authority, employment based on formal qualifications, written rules and regulations, and specific line of promotion and advancement
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is a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest
voluntary associations
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situation in which a few people rule the many
oligarchy
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tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
iron law of oligarchy
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