-
The enzyme which aids in maintaining blood pressure and kidney function
Renin
-
Kidney helps in the metabolism of Vitamin
D
-
The medial surface of the kidney is concave and has a cleft called
Hilus
-
Drop of kidney to a lower position is called______ and causes______
Ptosis and hydronephrosis
-
Infection of renal pelvis and calyces is
Pyelitis
-
Inflammation of the entire kidney is
Pyelonephritis
-
The lack of which branches distinguishes renal arteries and veins
Lobar and Segmental veins
-
______ and _____ splanchnic nerves forms the renal plexus
Thoracic and Lumbar
-
The functional unit of the kidney is
Nephron
-
Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule has branching epithelial cells called
Podocytes
-
The hairpin loop of the nephron is called
Loop of Henle
-
Name the two types of nephrons
Cortical and Juxtaglomerular
-
_____ arteriole feeds and _____ arteriole drains the nephron.
Afferent and Efferent
-
Vascular bed encircling the loop for reabsorption is
Vasa Recta
-
Juxtaglomerular cells act as
Mechanoreceptors
-
____ act as chemo osmoreceptors
Macula Densa
-
Fluids and solutes pass through membrane in Bowman's capsule by
Hydrostatic pressure
-
Myogenic and Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates
Diameter of arterioles
-
Renin-angiotensin mechanism maintains
Homeostasis of systemic blood pressure
-
Renin which acts on angiotensinogen is released by
Juxtaglomerular
-
Angiotensin stimulates release of ____ from adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
-
Reclaiming Sodium ions is facilitated by
Aldosterone
-
Low urinary output is called
Anuria
-
Release of renin from JG cells is by binding of norepinephrine to
B-adrenergic receptors
-
Tubular reabsorption is a ______ process.
Transepithelial
-
Tubule cells are connected by
Tight junction
-
The reabsorption process is under the control of
Hormones
-
Absorption against electrical and chemical gradients is a _____ process
Active
-
In hyperglycemia, _____ are saturated and hence glucose is sent out.
Carriers
-
Plasma proteins in filtrate are reabsorbed by a process called
Pinocytosis
-
Movement along gradients is a ______ process. Examples are______
- Passive
- Diffusion and Osmosis
-
Sodium active transport creates gradient for passive diffusion of _____ and ______
Cl and HCO3
-
Sodium linked water flow is called
Obligatory water reabsorption
-
Phenomenon of solute following movement of solvent is called
Solvent drag
-
End products of protein and nucleotide metabolism are
Urea, creatine, and Uric Acid
-
_______, large molecule which is sent out through urine (An index of GFR)
Creatine
-
Proximal tubule cells completely reabsorbs _____ and ______
Glucose and Amino Acid
-
Water regulation is under the control of ______ hormone
Antidiuretic
-
Sodium reabsorption is under the control of _____
Aldosterone
-
______ released by atrial cardiac cells inhibits Sodium reabsorption
Aritialnatriuretic factor
-
Name 3 substances which are secreted from tubule cells and are sent out
H+, K+, creatine
-
Mention 2 reasons why tubular secretion is important
Removes extra K+ and maintains pH
-
The number of solute particles dissolved in 1 liter of water is
Osmolarity
-
Osmolarity is maintained by ______ and ______
Counter current mechanism and medullary osmotic gradient
-
_______ acts as a counter current exchanger maintaining osmotic gradient
Vasa Recta
-
Urine flow is inhibited by _____ hormone
Antidiuretic
-
Facultative water reabsorption is dependent on________
Antidiuretic hormone
-
Chemicals that enhance urinary output are called
Diuretics
-
Alcohol increases ______ by inhibiting the release of
Diuretics and Vasopressin
-
Caffeine increases diuresis by promoting _____ and _______
Vasodilation and Increasing GFR
-
Kidney's ability to clear substances in a minute is termed________
Renal clearance
-
Damage to the glomerulus can be assessed by measuring______
Renal Clearance
-
A polysaccharide used as a standard to determine Glomerular filtration rate.
Insulin
-
Pale yellow color of urine is due to
Urochrome
-
Fruity odor of urine in diabetes is due to
Acetone
-
Renal calculi or kidney stones are formed by crystals of
Calcium, magnesium, and uric acid
-
_____ is the procedure used to break renal calculi using sound waves.
Lithotripsy
-
Region where ureters and urethra opens in bladder is called
Trigone
-
____ muscle helps in maintaining the pressure in the bladder.
Detrusor
-
The sphincter at the junction of bladder and urethra is
Internal urethral
-
The sphincter surrounding urethra in pelvic floor is
External urethral
-
_____ sphincter is involuntary where as _____ sphincter is voluntary
Internal/external
-
_____ muscle of the pelvic floor also acts as voluntary sphincter (constricts urethra)
Levator Ani
-
Inflammation of urethra is
Urethritis
-
Bladder inflammation is
Cystitis
-
Painful urination is called
Dysuria
-
Voiding or urination is also called
Micturition
-
Inability to control micturition is called
Incontinence
-
3 sets of kidneys appear during development and ______ remains
Metanephron
-
Horse shoe kidney is a result of
Fused Kindeys
-
When bladder and ureters protrude through abdominal wall it is called
Exstrophy
-
The presence of urethral orifice on ventral side of penis is called
Hypospadias
-
Congenital polycystic kidney is due to
Urine filled sacs in Kidney
-
The urge to urinate at night is called
Nacturia
-
Azotemia results due to
Nitrogenous waste accumulation
-
Total body response to azotemia is called
Uremia
-
The process of cleaning Kidneys when they are shut down is called
Dialysis
-
Continuous ambulatory dialysis uses _____ membrane as a dialysis apparatus
Peritoneal
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