A&P Seeley 2.2

When the outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms.

Ionic and Covalent

A charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons and the number of protons and electrons are unequal.

• When an atom has one more proton than electrons
• *Cations

• When an atom has one more electron than protons
• *Anions

Positively charged ion

Negatively charged ion

When cations and anions remain close together.

• When atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
• *Forms a molecule

When two atoms share one pair of electrons

When two atoms share two pairs of electrons

When electrons are shared equally between atoms

When atoms are bound together by a covalent bond but do not share their electrons equally.

Positive and negative ends.

Two or more atoms that chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically combined.

Can be determined by adding up the atomic masses of its atoms (or ions)

Results from the week electrostatic attractions between the oppositely charged parts of molecules, or between ions and molecules. Intermolecular forces are much weaker than the forces producing chemical bonding.

The attractions of the positive end of one polar molecule to the negative end of another polar molecule.

The ability of one substance to dissolve in another.

When a substance separates and dissolves.

Cations and anions that dissociate in water and have the capacity to conduct an electric current, which is the flow of charged particles.

Atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact either to form or to break chemical bonds.

The substances that enter into a chemical reactions.

The substances that result from the chemical reaction.

When two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product

Two amino acids combine to form a dipeptide.

• Synthesis reactions in which water is a product.
• (water out)

Adenosine TriPhosphate

All of the synthesis reactions that occur within the body.

The collective decomposition reactions that occur in the body.

All of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body.

• The reverse of a synthesis reaction.
• A larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products.

• (water dissolution)
• When water is split into two parts and each part contributes to one new molecule.

A chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants.

The amount of reactants relative to the amount of products remains constant.

When an atom loses an electron.

When an atom gains an electron.

When one atom loses an electron (oxidation) and another atom gains it (reduction).