-
subspecies (subsp.)
phenotypic
-
serotyping (serovar)
serologic
-
biotyping (biovar)
biochemical
-
species can be divided into :
- Subspecies (subsp.)
- Serotyping (serovar)
- Biotyping (biovar)
-
Eukaryote
Nucleus is
membraned
-
Prokaryote
Nucleus is
no membrane
-
Eukaryote
DNA for is
multiple chromosomes
-
Prokaryote
DNA form is
single chromosome
-
Eukaryote
Replication is
mitosis and meiosis
-
Prokaryote
Replication is
binary fission
-
Eukaryote
Protein translation is
ribosomes in endoplasmic reticulum
-
Prokaryote
Protein translation is
ribosomes free in cytoplasm
-
Eukaryote
Ribosomes are
80S= 60S+40S
-
Prokaryote
ribosomes are
70S= 50S+30S
-
Eukaryote
organelles are
membraned
-
Prokaryote
Organelles are
not membraned
-
Eukaryote
plasma membrane is
- lipoprotein bilayer
- Same as prokaryote
-
Prokaryote
plasma membrane is
- Lipoprotein bilayer
- Same as eukaryote
-
Eukaryote
Cell wall is
only in fungi and plants
-
Prokaryote
cell wall is
present
-
cocci
- Spherical shape
- Bacteria Morphology
-
bacilli
- Rod-shaped
- Bacteria morphology
-
Spirochetes
- Helical shape
- Bacteria Morphology
-
pleomorphic
- bacteria that have varied shapes
- More than one
-
3 basic shapes of bacterial morphology
- 1. cocci
- 2. Bacilli
- 3. Spirochetes
-
Plasma membrane
- surrounds cytoplasm
- Made up of a phospholipid bilayer
- Regulates transport
- Location of electron transport chain
-
Two types of bacterial cell walls
- gram positive
- gram negative
-
gram positive cell wall
- very thick peptidoglycan layer
- Teichoic acid (anchored to peptidoglycan)
- Lipoteichoic acid (anchored to plasma membrane)
-
peptidoglycan
- dense and meshlike, but sufficiently porous to allow diffusion of metabolites
- Can be degraded by lysozyme (enzyme present in human tears, mucus and saliva)
-
techoic acids
- covalently linked to peptidoglycan
- Essential to cell viability
-
lipoteichoic acids
have fatty acid and are anchored in cytoplasmic membrane
-
gram negative cell wall
- Thin peptidoglycan layer
- Outer layer of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
-
three regions of gram negative cell wall
- O-specific polysaccharide
- Core polysaccharide
- Inner lipid A (endotoxin)
-
The functions of the outer lipopolysaccharide layer of gram negative cell wall
- Barrier to hydrophobic cmpds and harmful substances
- A sieve, allowing passage of water-soluble mlcs
- Provides attachment sites for attachment to host cells
-
Capsule (glycocalyx)
- Secreted by bacteria
- Outside cell wall
- Made up of polysaccharide polymers
-
When capsule(glycocalyx) is thick and tightly bound to cell it is called
capsule
-
when capsule(glycocalyx) is thinner,diffuse, and less tightly bound it is called
slime layer
-
capsule functions
- Buffer from external environment
- Averts potential cell desiccation
- Traps nutrients
- Aid in bacteria attachment to host
- Aids in avoiding phagocytosis
-
Flagella
- Cell appendage
- Locomotion
- rotate
- helically shaped
- vary in arrangement and number
-
Fimbriae
- Cell appendige
- Enable organisms to to stick to surgaces
-
Pili
- Cell appendige
- Specialized fimbriae that are used in the exchange of genetic material
-
Spores can be formed by
- gram positive bacilli
- During harsh environmental conditions
-
In spores bacteria is
converted from a vegetative state to a dormant state
-
location of spores can
- be used for identification
- Location within cell
-
spores def.
dehydrated, multicelled structure that protects and allows the bacteria to exist in "suspended animation"
-
spores chromosomes
complete copy
-
layers of spore
- Inner membrane
- 2 peptidoglycan layers
- Outer keratin-like protein coat
-
three major nutritional needs of bacteria
- 1.carbon source-cellular components
- 2. nitrogen source-protein production
- 3. energy source- ATP
-
environmental growth factor bacteria:
pH
grow best between 7-7.5
-
environmental growth factor of bacteria:
temperature
- 3 cat.
- Psychrophiles- 10-20 degrees C
- Mesophiles- 20-40 deg. C
- Thermophiles - 50-60 deg. C
-
Obligate aerobes
bacteria require oxygen
-
obligate anaerobes
- cannot grow in oxygen
- Toxic for them
-
facultative anaerobes
grow best in oxygen, but can grow without it
-
aerotolerant
- Dont need oxygen
- But tolerate its presence
-
Microaerophilic
- required reduced level of oxygen
- Too much is toxic
-
capnophilic
grow best when extra CO2 is present
-
minimal media
- simple, defined media
- Not usually used in clinical lab
-
Nutrient media
- complex media
- Enriched,selective,differential media
-
enriched media
- Type nutrient media
- contains added growth factors
-
selective media
- Type of nutrient media
- Contains additives that inhibit the growth of some bacteria
-
differential media
- Type of nutrient meida
- Allows visualizing of metabolic differences
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