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What are the four major groups of organic molecules essential to living organisms?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acis
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Carbohydrates are composed of…
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
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What is the general ratio for carbohydrates?
1 carbon atom : 2 hydrogen atoms : 1 oxygen atom
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Why are carbohydrates soluble in polar solvents, such as water?
They are relatively polar molecules
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Monosaccharides
- (means one sugar)
- The building blocks in large carbohydrates
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Common six-carbon sugars
Glucose, fructose, galactose
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Common five-carbon sugars
Ribose, deoxyribose
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Isomers
Molecules that have the same number and types of atoms but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement
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Which sugar is the major carbohydrate found in the blood and is a major nutrient for most cells of the body?
Glucose (aka blood sugar)
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Disaccharides
- (means two sugars)
- Composed of two simple sugars bound together through a dehydration reaction.
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Name some disaccharides important to humans
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
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Sucrose
- (table sugar)
- A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
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Lactose
- (milk sugar)
- A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose.
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Maltose
- (malt sugar)
- A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules.
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Polysaccharides
- (means many sugars)
- Consists of many monosaccharides bound together to form long chains that are either straight or branched out.
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Glycogen
- (animal starch)
- A polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules.
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Why is glycogen and important energy-storage molecule?
Glucose can be metabolized rapidly to produce energy for cells.
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Starch and cellulose
Polysaccharides found in plants. Composed of long chains of glucose.
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Which parts of plants provide humans with energy and which parts are indigestible?
- Energy – starch
- Indigestible – cellulose
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