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What are proteins?
Polypeptides composed of hundreds of amino acids.
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All proteins contain…
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound together by covalent bonds.
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How do proteins help the body?
- Regulate bodily processes
- Transportation system
- Provide protection
- Help muscles contact
- Provide structure and evergy
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The basic building blocks for proteins are…
20 amino acid molecules
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Peptide bonds
The covalent bonds formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis.
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Dipeptide
2 amino acids bound together by a peptide bond
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Tripeptide
3 amino acids bound together by peptide bonds
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Polypeptide
Many amino acids bound together by peptide bonds
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The primary structure of a protein is determined by…
The sequence of the amino acids bound by peptide bonds.
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How is the function of a protein determined?
The characteristics of the amino acids determine the 3D shape which determines the function
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The secondary structure results from…
The folding or bending of the polypeptide chain caused by the hydrogen bonds between amino acids
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What are the 2 common shapes of a polypeptide chain?
- Helices (coils)
- Pleated (folded) sheets
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Denaturation
When the hydrogen bonds that maintain the shape of a protein are broken.
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What can cause denaturation?
Abnormally high temperature or change in the pH of body fluids.
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Tertiary structure results from…
The folding of the helices or pleated sheets
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Domain
The folded sequence of 100-200 amino acids within a protein.
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Quaternary structure
The spatial relationships between protein subunits.
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Enzyme
A protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without the enzyme being permanently changed.
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Lock-and-key model
A reaction occurs when the reactants (key) bind to the active site (lock) on the enzyme.
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Induced fit model
The enzyme is able to slightly change shape and better fit the reactants.
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Cofactors
An additional, nonprotein substance required for some enzymes to be functional.
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Coenzymes
Cofactors that are organic molecules
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What do enzymes control?
The rate at which most chemical reactions proceed in living systems.
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Nucleic acids
Large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
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Nucleotides
Basic building blocks in DNA and RNA
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Gene
A sequence of DNA bases that directs the synthesis of proteins or RNA molecules.
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ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate
- An especially important organic molecule found in al living organisms.
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