psych chapter 14

peoples typical wars of thinking, feeling, and behaving

relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations

approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals

approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression...

PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification.. the word "no" is not in the id's vocabulary

• psyche's executive and principal decision maker
• ...
• reality principle

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

our sense of morality

id- pleasure principle, instant gratification

ego- reality principle, postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

superego- morality

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimise anxiety

• motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
• ....
• we forget because we want to forget, remembering will bring back all the pain from before
• ....
• a person who witnesses a traumatic combat scene finds himself unable to remember it.

• motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
• ....
• a mother who loses a child in a car accident insists her child is alive

• the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer, age
• ....
• a college student starts sucking his thumb during a difficult exam

• transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
• ......
• a married women who's sexually attracted to a coworker experiences hatred and revulsion toward him

• unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others
• ......
• a married man with powerful unconscious sexual impulses toward females complains that other women are always after him

• directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a more acceptable one
• ....
• BOSS YELLS AT YOU AND GIVES YOU A LOT OF WORK.
• RATHER THAN YELLING AT BOSS, YOU YELL AT YOUR KIDS AND PARTNER
• ....
• a golfer angrily throws his club into the woods after he misses an easy putt

• providing reasonable-sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures.
• ...
• a political candidate who loses an election convinces herself that she didn't really want the position after all.
• ...

• avoiding the emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts
• ....
• a women whose husband cheats on her reassures herself that "according to evolutionary psychologists, men are naturally sexually promiscuous, so theres nothing to worry about"

• adopting the psychological characteristics of people we find threatening
• ....
• a college basketball player who initially fears his tyrannical coach comes to admire him and adopts his dictatorial qualities

• transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired and socially valued goal
• ....
• a boy who enjoys beating up on other children grows up to become a successful professional boxer

• psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth....
• birth to 12-18 months 
• ...
• sucking and drinking

• psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
• .....
• 18 months to 3 years
• .... alleviating tension by expelling feces

• stage that focuses on the genitals....
• 3 to 6 years old

• stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
• ....
• 6 to 12 years
• .....
• dormant sexual stage

• stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
• .....
• 12 years and beyond
• ....
• renewed sexual impulses, emergence of mature romantic relationships

conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as reivals

conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings

according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations

cross-culturally universal symbols

theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality

tendency for people to mutually influence each others behavior

extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control

drive to develop out innate potential to the fullest possible extent

according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior

inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions

transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures

five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

paper and pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed wars

extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measure