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What are the 4 features of the Scientific Method?
- Objectivity
- Repliction
- Self-Correction
- Control
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What is an independent variable?
The independent variable is indepent of the subject and is manipulated by the researcher.
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What is a Dependent Variable?
The dependent variable depends on the subject's response.
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What is an Extraneous Variable?
An extraneous variable is an unwanted, uncontrolled factor that influences the experiment and invalidates the results.
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What is a Subject Variable?
The Subject Variable is the participant's age, gender, etc. but can't be manipulated.
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What is the Quasi-Independent Variable?
The quasi-independent variable exists outside of the participant and cannot be manipulated, such as laws, weather, geography, etc.
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Define and give an example of Random Sampling.
- A random sample is when every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in a study.
- An example is using registration records to obtain a sample of students.
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Define and give an example of Convenience Sampling.
- Convenience Sampling is when participants are selected for their accessibility or ease of testing.
- An example is testing the psych 312 class.
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List and define the scales of measurement.
- Nominal - categories
- Ordinal - ordered but not equal intervals
- Interval - ordered, equal intervals, no true zero
- Ratio - ordered, equal intervals, true zero
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What does "n" represent?
What does "N" represent?
- n = number of participants per group
- N = total sample size
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What are the 2 types of deception?
- Active - giving misleading information
- Passive - withholding information
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Give one way to protrect:
privacy
anonymity
confidentiality
- Privacy - conduct observation in public
- Anonymity - no name collection, separate records
- Confidentiality - data identified by code, not name; publish only summary data
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What are the 3 main purposes of debriefing?
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What are the non-systematic sources of research ideas?
- Inspiration
- Serendipity
- Observation of people
- Observation of surroundings
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What are the systematic sources of research ideas?
- Past research
- theory
- classroom lectures
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What are the 4 characteristics of a research hypothesis
- Synthetic Statement: either true or false
- Falsifiable: can be shown to be wrong
- General Implication Form: if/then statement
- Directional or Non-Directional: "more/less" or "different from"
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What are the 4 types of IVs?
- Participant
- Stimulus/Environment
- Physiological
- Experience
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What are 4 ways of measuring a DV?
- Rate/Frequency
- Correctness
- Latency/Duration
- Degree/Amount
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What is a "nuisance variable"?
A nuisance variable is an unwanted factor that increases the variability of scores within a sample. A nuisance variable makes it harder to see the effect.
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What is a "confounding" variable?
- A confounding variable is an unintended influence on the DV and biases the results.
- A confounding variable renders the findings meaningless.
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What are 4 ways of dealing with extraneous variables?
- Randomization
- Eliminate
- Constancy
- Balance
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What 2 types of effects does counterbalancing counteract?
Counterbalancing counteracts the Carryover Effect and the Order Effect.
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What are the 2 sources of error in a study?
Which is more important?
- Random error and bias.
- Bias is more important because it is a confound and invalidates the results.
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What are the 2 forms of experimenter bias?
Experimenter expectancy and experimenter characteristics.
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What are the 3 forms of participant bias?
- Demand effect
- Good participant effect
- Response Bias
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What is the defining characteristic of a descriptive study?
Descriptive studies do not have a manipulated variable.
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Name and define the 2 types of surveys.
- Descriptive: seeks to determine what % of the population has a particular belief, behavior or characteristic.
- Analytical: seeks to determine the relevant variables and how they are related
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Name and describe the 2 biases that can compromise representativeness.
- Self-selection bias: particular people more likely to respond
- Sampling bias: not representative of the population
Not being representative compromises generalizability.
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What is the difference between validity and reliability?
- Validity: a construct measures what it is supposed to measure.
- Reliability: provides consistent responses for a particular individual.
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What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study?
- Cross-sectional: compares multiple sub-groups at a particular point in time.
- Longitudinal: studys one group over an extended period of time.
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At what 2 stages can qualitative and quantitative research differ?
collection and analysis
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Data collected _____ typically cannot be analyzed _____,
whereas data collected _____ typically can be analyzed _____.
- quantitatively; qualitatively
- qualitatively; quantitatively
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What are the 3 types of explanations for a correlation?
- A causes B
- B causes A
- C causes A & B
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