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Social Psychocology
the study of how people influence others behavior, beliefs, and attitudes
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Social comparison theory
theory that we seek to evaluate out abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others
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Difference between upward and downward social comparison
- upward- we compare ourselves with people who seem superior to us in some way.
- ex. when a new member of the mends basketball team compares himself with the teams top two superstars
- downward- we compare ourselves with others who seem inferior to us in some wars.
- ex. when a basketball player compares himself with his clumsy friends who keep bouncing basketballs off of their feet.
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mass hysteria
outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion.
episodes of mass hysteria lead to collective delusions, in which many people simultaneously com to be convinced of bizarre things that are false, such as UFO's
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Social Facilitation
enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others
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Attribution
assigning causes to behavior
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fundamental attribution error
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences(traits, attitude) on other people's behavior.
we attribute too much of people/s behavior to who they are
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conformity
tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure
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deindividuation
the tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities.
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groupthink
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking
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group polarization
tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
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cult
group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
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inoculation effect
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them
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obedience
adherence to instruction from those of higher authority
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Pluralistic ignorance
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
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diffusion of responsibility
reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
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social loafing
phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
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altruism
helping others for unselfish reasons
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enlightenment effect
learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better
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aggression
behavior intended to harm others, either verbally or physically
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attitude
belief that includes an emotional component
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self-monitoring
personality trait that assesses the extent to which peoples behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes.
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cognitive dissonance
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
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self-perception theory
theory that we acquire out attitudes by observing our behaviors
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impression management theory
theory that we dont really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with out attitudes
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foot-in-the-door technique
persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one
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door-in-the-face technique
persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request were hoping to have granted
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low-ball technique
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product
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prejudice
drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
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stereotype
a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
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ultimate attribution error
assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
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adaptive conservatism
evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
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in-group bias
tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group
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out-group homogeneity
tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
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discrimination
negative behavior toward members of out-group
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scapegoat hypothesis
claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
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just-world hypthesis
claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
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explicit prejudice
unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
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implicit prejudice
- unfounded negative belief of which were unaware regarding the
- characteristics of an out-group
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jigsaw classroom
educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project
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