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What is the definition of personality?
a person's characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling that distinguishes one person from another
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What is Psychoanalysis?
Freud's term for his theory of personality and therapy for treating psychological disorders, focuses on the unconscious.
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What are the three levels of consciosuness?
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
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What are Freud's concepts for looking at personality?
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What is the Id?
The unconscious system of the personality which contains life instincts, death instincts, and operates on the pleasure principle
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What is the superego?
The moral component of the personality
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What is the Ego?
The logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality that operates in reality
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What are defense mechanisms?
a means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem
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What is repression?
Most commonly used defense mechanism, removes painful memories and thoughts and keeps them away from consciousness
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What are the psychosexual stages of development?
a series of stages through which the sexual instincts develop.
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What is fixation?
Arrested development at a stage occurring because of excessive gratification or frustration at that stage
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What is the Oedipus complex?
Conflict where the child is sexually attracted to the opposite- sex parent and may feel hostility toward the same sex parent
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Who was Carl Jung?
He disagreed with Freud on sexual instinct being the main factor in personality and that personality developed in early childhood.
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What are Jung's three parts of personality?
- Ego
- Personal Unconscious
- Collective Unconscious
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What is the Personal Unconscious?
area that contains everything accessible to conscious and hold repressed memories
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What is the collective unconscious?
An inaccessible layer of unconscious that contains universal experiences of humankind
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What does the collective unconscious explain?
Similarity of dreams, myths, symbols, and religious beliefs
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What is the Anima?
Inner feminine figure within man's unconscious
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What is the Animus?
Inner masculine figure within woman's unconscious
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What is extraversion?
Tendency to be outgoing, adaptable, and sociable
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What is intraversion?
Tendency to focus inward and non-social
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Who was Alfred Adler?
He emphasized the unity of personality rather than the separate battling components of freud's id, ego, and superego
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What is an inferiority complex?
inferiority feelings so strong that they prevent personal development
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What is Individual psychology?
Stresses the uniqueness of each individual's struggle to achieve superiority
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What are Karen Horney's two main themes?
Neurotic Personality and Feminine Psychology
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What is humanistic psychology?
People are assumed to have a natural tendency toward growth and realization of their fullest potential
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Who is Abraham Maslow?
Thought that motivational factors are at the root of personality
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What was maslow's hierarchy of needs?
- Psychological needs
- safety Needs
- Belonging and esteem needs
- Self actualization
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What were Carl Rogers goals of therapy?
- Enable people to open up to experiences
- Begin living according to own internal values
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What is a trait?
Personal qualities or characteristic which are stable across situations and is used to describe or explain personality
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What is Gordon Allport's theory?
A person inherits a unique set of raw materials for given traits
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What is a cardinal trait?
A trait that is so pervasive and outstanding that almost every act seems traceable to its influence.
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What is a Central Trait?
Trait that would be mentioned in writing a careful letter of recommendation
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What are surface traits?
an observable quality of a person
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What is a source trait?
Deeper, more general, underlying personality factors
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What is Hans Eysenck's Five-Factor Theory?
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neroticism
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What is an Individualist Culture?
Emphasis is placed on individual, rather than on group acheivement
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What is a collectivist culture?
More interdependent, they define themselves as a group through interests
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What is a situation-Trait Debate?
discussion among psychologists about the relative importance of factors within the situation and factors
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According to Bandura, What is reciprocal determinism?
influential, mutual relationship among behavior, cognitive factors, and environment.
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According to Bandura, what is self efficacy?
The perception of ability to perform competently whatever is attempted.
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According to Bandura, what is high self efficacy?
approach situations confidently, set high goals, and persist in efforts because they believe success is likely
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According to Bandura, what is low self efficacy?
expect failure, avoid challenges, give up on tasks
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According to Julian Rotter, what is locus of control?
Explains how people account for what happens in their life.
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According to Julian Rotter, what is internal locus of control?
See themselves in control of behavior and consequences
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According to Julian Rotter, what is external locus of control?
see fate, luck, and chance in control of behavior and consequences
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