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what is norm leukocyte count
5k-10K
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what is low neutrophil count is
<1500
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Lymphocytes do what
- monitor body for CA cells
- lymphocytes are T-cells and B-cells
- lymphocytes look for bad cells and stop them before they become a problem, they kill early CA cells in their norm body setting
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leading CA cause of death in men and women
lung Ca
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seconding leading cause of CA death in men and women
- prostate in men
- breast women
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leading new CA causes (not cause of death)
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cancer prevelance
- 1/2 men
- 1/3 women
- more in blacks likely to die than whites but more cases in whites than in blacks
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leading chemical cause of CA
benzyne
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common viral cause
epstein barr virus (mono)
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primary CA prevention
- actions you take to keep something from happening
- controlling diet
- eating low fat diet
- eating high fiber diet
- eating enough fruits and veggies
- controlling calorie intake
- practicing safe sex
- checking home for CA agents
- controlling controllable risk factors
- stopping it before it starts
- avoiding risk factors
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secondary CA prevention
- screening test
- exams
- wanna help detect CA in early stage
- CA may or may not be there, checking for it
- ex: breast exam, pap smear, colonoscopy, digital, rectal exam, dermatologist for full body skin check, going to dentist
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tertiary CA prevention
- control CA and prevent disease related complications
- patient has CA for sure
- involves all varieties of care
- surgery
- treatment
- palliative care
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what stage is protein made in the cell
G1 phase
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what phase is the DNA duplicated
S phase
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what phase does the cell prepare for division
G2
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when is most energy used by cell during cell division
mitosis phase (when cell divides into daughter cell)
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what happens when cell DNA is damaged
cell loses function or morphs into wrong type of cell for body location. Happens in interphase
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what is cell differentiation
process during which young immature cells take on individual characteristics and achieve their mature (specialized form and function) *when they develop to perform their specific task for location*
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what is carcinogenesis
process by which normal cells develop into cancerous cells
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what is apoptosis
when cells self destruct
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what is hyperplasia
increase in number of cells, still under DNA control from response to stress, increased metabolic demands and/or increased hormone levels.
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what is metaplasia
- differentiated cells found in atypical (wrong for cell) part of body. a protective response to stress. it is reversible.
- still under DNA control
- normal cell, just in wrong part of body
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What is Dysplasia
- Abnormal size, shape and arrangement
- loses DNA control
- precancerous
- most likely to turn into cancer
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What is anaplasia
- cell regresses back to immature state/undifferentiated state
- complete loss of DNA control
- not reversible
- determines potential risk for cancer
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initiation stage of carcinogenesis
- changes in genetic make up of cell occur
- permanent damage to cells DNA
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promotion stage of carcinogenesis
- mutated cell grows and divides faster and creates a population of mutated cells
- can be reversed if carcinogen is removed
- benign tumor develops and becomes evident
- may last for years and includes conditions like smoking, drinking, tobacco use
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progression stage of carcinogenesis
- tumor cell growth exceeds normal cell growth
- DNA is fragile and prone to more mutation
- mutations regulate growth and cell function until conversion occurs and growing tumor is malignant
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what is the G0
(1st state some cells never leave this stage and some stay for a long time and get activated to start cycle all over again)
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Hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia comon factor
reversible if irritating carcinogen removed
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