Sociology Exam 2

The condition in which people are unsure of how to behave bc of absent, conflicting, or confusing norms.

the idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and means available to obtain the goals.

rewards or punishment for obeying or violating a norm

the techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society.

a negative label that devalues a person and changes her on his self concept and social identity

a violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by law.

researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior.

traits or bahaviors that violates expected rules or norms

the hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to valued resources, such as property, prestige, power, and status.

a system that is based on individual achievement and allows movement up or down

a system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as sex, skin color, and family background.

a category of people who have a similar standing or rank in society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources.

abundance of economic assets and material possessions that a person or family owns, including property and income.

respect, recognition, or regard attached to social positions

the ability or individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over other despite opposition

an overall ranking of a person's position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation.

the biological characteristic with which we are born

learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men

a perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine

the characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males

any unwanted sexual advance, request from for sexual favors, or other conduct of sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with her or his work .

our awareness of ourselves as males or famale and the ways that we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs

people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features, that are passes on through reproduction

a group of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language geographic roots, food, customs, traditions, and/or religion.

people who have distinctive physical and cultural charateristics

a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment bc of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics such as sex, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color.

any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power, the greatest privileges, and the highest social status.

the process of conforming to the culture of the dominant group, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group.

the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.

a set of beliefs that one's own racial group is naturally superior to other groups.

an attitude, positive or negative, toward people bc of their group membership

any act that treats people unequally or unfairly bc of their group membership

a social institution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumers goods and services.

an economic systems in which wealth is in private hands and is invested ad reinvested to produce profits.

the growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology around the world.

a political system in which, ideally, citizens have control over the state and its actions.

a political system in which the state controls the lives of citizens but permits some degree of individual freedom.

a small group of influential people who make the nation's major political decisions

an intimate group consisting of two or more people who (1) live together in a committed relationship, (2) care for one another and any children, and (3) share close emotional ties and functions.

Cultural practice of marrying WITHIN one's group.

Cultural practice of marrying OUTSIDE one's group

A socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring.

the oldest men control cultural, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over females.

Marrying someone with similar characteristics such as race, ethnicity, age, education, social class, or religion.

a marriage form in which a man or owman has two or more spouses.

Scientist who study the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.

Proposes that many older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities, including work.

posits that people seek through their social interactions with other to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.

Posists that older adults can substitute satisfying new roles for those they've lost.

a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, of both sexes or neither sex.

an economic system based on the principles of the public ownership of the production of goods and services.

power based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.