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Anomie
The condition in which people are unsure of how to behave bc of absent, conflicting, or confusing norms.
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Strain theory
the idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and means available to obtain the goals.
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Sanctions
rewards or punishment for obeying or violating a norm
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Social Control
the techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society.
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stigma
a negative label that devalues a person and changes her on his self concept and social identity
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crime
a violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by law.
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criminologists
researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior.
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deviance
traits or bahaviors that violates expected rules or norms
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Social Stratification
the hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to valued resources, such as property, prestige, power, and status.
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Open Stratification System
a system that is based on individual achievement and allows movement up or down
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Closed Stratification System
a system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as sex, skin color, and family background.
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Social Class
a category of people who have a similar standing or rank in society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources.
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Wealth
abundance of economic assets and material possessions that a person or family owns, including property and income.
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Prestige
respect, recognition, or regard attached to social positions
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power
the ability or individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over other despite opposition
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Socioeconomic Status (SES)
an overall ranking of a person's position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation.
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Sex
the biological characteristic with which we are born
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Gender
learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men
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gender identity
a perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine
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gender roles
the characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males
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Sexual Harrassment
any unwanted sexual advance, request from for sexual favors, or other conduct of sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with her or his work .
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sexual identity
our awareness of ourselves as males or famale and the ways that we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs
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Race
people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features, that are passes on through reproduction
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Ethnic group
a group of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language geographic roots, food, customs, traditions, and/or religion.
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Racial Ethnic Group
people who have distinctive physical and cultural charateristics
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Minority
a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment bc of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics such as sex, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color.
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Dominate Group
any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power, the greatest privileges, and the highest social status.
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Assimilation
the process of conforming to the culture of the dominant group, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group.
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Segregation
the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.
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racism
a set of beliefs that one's own racial group is naturally superior to other groups.
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prejudice
an attitude, positive or negative, toward people bc of their group membership
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discrimination
any act that treats people unequally or unfairly bc of their group membership
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Economy
a social institution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumers goods and services.
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Capitalism
an economic systems in which wealth is in private hands and is invested ad reinvested to produce profits.
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Globalization
the growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology around the world.
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Democracy
a political system in which, ideally, citizens have control over the state and its actions.
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authoritarianism
a political system in which the state controls the lives of citizens but permits some degree of individual freedom.
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Power Elite
a small group of influential people who make the nation's major political decisions
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Family
an intimate group consisting of two or more people who (1) live together in a committed relationship, (2) care for one another and any children, and (3) share close emotional ties and functions.
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ENDOgamy
Cultural practice of marrying WITHIN one's group.
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EXOgamy
Cultural practice of marrying OUTSIDE one's group
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Marriage
A socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring.
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Patriarchal Family System
the oldest men control cultural, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over females.
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Homogamy
Marrying someone with similar characteristics such as race, ethnicity, age, education, social class, or religion.
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Polygamy
a marriage form in which a man or owman has two or more spouses.
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Gerontologists
Scientist who study the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.
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Activity Theory
Proposes that many older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities, including work.
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Exchange theory
posits that people seek through their social interactions with other to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.
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Continuity Theory
Posists that older adults can substitute satisfying new roles for those they've lost.
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Sexual Orientation
a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, of both sexes or neither sex.
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Socialism
an economic system based on the principles of the public ownership of the production of goods and services.
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Charismatic authority
power based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.
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