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Lactose, Maltose, glucose, galactose and fructose are these kinds of sugars because
Reducing, they contain a free anomeric carbon
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GAG found in synovial fluid, vitreous humor, ECM of LCT
hyaluronate, large polymers and shock absorbing
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GAG found in cartilage, bone and heart valves
Chondroitin sulfate, most abundant GAG
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GAG found in basement membrane, components of cell surfaces
heparin sulfate, contains higher acetylated glucosamine than heparin
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GAG found in intracellular granules of mast cells lining the arteries of teh lungs, liver and skin
Heparin, also serves as anticoagulant, more sulfated than heparin sulfate
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GAG found in skin, blood vessels and heart valves
dermantan sulfate
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GAG found in cornea, bone, cartilage aggragated with chondroitin sulfates
keratin sulfate, most heterogenous GAG
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glucose + glucose
maltose
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glucose + galactose
lactose
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glucose + fructose
sucrose
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This type of cell absorbs monosaccharides
enterocytes
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large insoluble carbohydrate thats an important plant energy source comprised of amylose(unbranched) and amylopectin(branched)
starch
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Highly branched polymer of glucose that is especially abundant in the liver
glycogen, which can be cleaved by glucan transferase
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common organic earth compound that is not digestible by humans and is often referred to as dietary fiber
cellulose
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This is a polysaccharide of glucose produced extracellularly bacteria and yeast.
Dextrans; notable bacteria = strep mutans
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This is stored intracellularly as reserve nutrients, and increases the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces of teeth and promote the formation of dental plaque
levans, formed from fructose and side product of dextran production
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structure that covers the from of the eye, bends light, and does not change shape
cornea
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crystalline lens that focuses light, "fine-tunes" vision, this can become cloudy=cataract
lens
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opening in the middle of the iris
pupil
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functions as the shutter of the eye allowing light in and contains the color
iris
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thin layer of nerve tissue that senses light, made of rods and cones
retina
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densely packed nerve cells where focus of object or regard
fovea
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Constriction of the pupil of the eye
miosis
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prolonged abnormal dilation of the pupil induced by drug or disease
mydriasis
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far objects are focuses at a point in front of the retina, cornea is steeper or eye is longer
myopia, nearsightedness
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treatment for myopia
concave lens
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light focuses behind the retina, flatter cornea or shorter eye
hyperopia, farsightedness
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How do you treat farsightedness?
convex lens
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curvature of lens is not uniform
astigmatism; treat with cylindric lenses
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inability of the eye to focus sharply on nearby objects because of loss of elasticity of lents with advancing age
presbyopia, treat with bifocals
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Abnormal type of hemoglobin, lysine is replaced with glutamic acid causing reduced plasticity of RBCs
Hemoglobin C
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Abnormal hemoglobin with four beta chains, usually associated with a defect in three of four alpha chain genes resulting in alpha-thalassemia
hemoglobin H
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Abnormal hemoglobin where valine has replaced glutamic acid in beta chain, sickle shape
hemoglobin S
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abnormal hemoglobin with single AA substitution favors formation methemoglobin and is associated with methemoglobinemia
Hemoglobin M
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Hormones activated by foodstuffs entering the duodenum
CCK, Secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide(GIP)
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Reflex of the enteric nervous system?
enterogastric reflex triggered by distention of the sm intestine, adn chemical and osmotic irritation of mucosa, inhibitory impulse
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most common lipid storage disease caused by a deficiency of enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Fatty material will collect and cause the spleen and liver to enlarge, liver malfunction, skeletal disorders, bone lesion that may cause pain, severe neurological comp, lymph node swelling, anemia, yellow spots in eyes. Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry
Gaucher disease
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autosomal recessive disorder caused by accumulation of fat and cholesterol in liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and brain. Ataxia, eye paralysis, brain degeneration, learning problems, spasticity, feeding and swallowing difficulties. Deficiency of sphingomyelinase and ashkenazi jewish ancestry.
Niemann-Pick disease
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rare inherited disease, progressive destruction of brain and spinal cord nerve cells. Deficiency in beta-hexosaminidase A and accumulation of GM2 gangliosides. jewish ancestry, CNS degeneration, die by 5
Tay-sachs disease
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autosomal recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of galactosylceramidase
Krabbe disease
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alpha-galactosidase A deficiency disease, build up of fatty material in ANS, eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular system
Fabry disease
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Symptoms:
Goiter, thickened nails that lift off the nail beds, myxedema, clubbing, exophthalmos
Grave's disease- type of hyperthyroidsim
- myxedema=lumpy reddish thick skin on front of shins and sometimes the top of feet
- exopthalmos= bulging eyes
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autoimmune reaction to the adrenal cortex with weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, Low BP, darkening of skin.
Addisons disease, adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone
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Disorder failure to produce ADH or in rare cases for the kidney to respond to ADH. Increased urination and thirst and pale urine
diabetes insipidus
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This molecule unwinds the helix
helicases
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this molecule is responsible for unwinding supercoiled DNA to allow DNA polymerase access to replicate the genetic code
topoisomerases
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this enzyme re-forms the supercoiled structure once the replication fork has passed
DNA gyrase
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Glycolysis rate-limiting step?
PFK, phosphofructokinase, catalyzes phosphate from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate
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Aldolytic reaction of glycolysis
Aldolase converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate to two 3-carbon metabolites
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Where does glycolysis occur and what are the major points?
Cytoplasm, absence of oxygen
Needs 2 ATP to start
End product is pyruvate, two molecules of NADH+ H+ are reduced, and four molecules of ATP via substrate phosphorylation so there is a Net gain of 2
Pyruvate has two fates: aerobic respiration in mitochondria or fermentation(anaerobic respiration)
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Which amino acids are not transaminated?
lysine, serine, threonine
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