Esthetician Fundamentals

Person devoted to, or professionally occupied with, skin health and beauty.

• Branch of anatomical science that deals with the overall health and well-being of the skin, the largest organ of the human body;
• From the Greek word aesthetikos, meaning "perceptible to the senses."

• Dye obtained from the powdered leaves and shoots of the mignonette tree;
• Used as a reddish hair dye and in tattooing.

Intigration of surgical procedures & esthetic treatments.

Manipulation of materials on an atomic or molecular scale, or the "micronization" of ingredients.

Principles of good character, proper conduct, and moral judgment, expressed through personality, human relations skills, and professional image.

The daily maintenance of cleanliness & healthfulness through certain sanitary practices.

Your physical presentation is made up of your posture, walk, & movements. It can enhance or detract from your attractiveness & is an important part of your well-being.

The impression you project as a person engaged in the profession of esthetics. It consists of your outward appearance & the conduct you exhibit in the workplace.

Verbal communication with a client to determine desired results.

The act of accurately sharing information between two people, or groups of people.

Listening to the client & then repeating, in your own words, what you think the client is telling you.

Immunity developed after the body overcomes a disease, or through inoculation.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; a disease caused by the HIV virus that breaks down the body’s immune system.

Agents that may kill, retard, or prevent the growth of bacteria.

Process of properly handling sterilized & disinfected equipment & supplies so that they do not become contaminated by microorganisms until they are used on a client.

Showing no symptoms or signs of infection.

Apparatus for sterilization by steam under pressure.

Short, rod-shaped bacteria; the most common bacteria; produce diseases such as tetanus (lock-jaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, & diphtheria.

One-celled microorganisms with both plant & animal characteristics; also known as microbes.

Capable of destroying bacteria.

Disease-causing bacteria or viruses that are carried through the body in the blood or body fluids.

Hair-like extensions that protrude from cells & help to sweep away fluids & particles.

Round bacteria that appear alone or in groups.

When a disease spreads from one person to another by contact.

Communicable or transmittable by contact.

Substances that can cause contamination.

When an object or product has microorganisms in or on it.

Contamination that occurs when you touch an object, such as the skin, & then touch an object or product with the same hand or utensil.

Removal of pathogens & other substances from tools & surfaces.

A type of fungi that cause skin, hair & nail infections.

Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs & cause diseases such as pneumonia.

Chemical agents used to destroy most bacteria, fungi, & viruses & to disinfect implements & surfaces.

Second-highest level of decontamination, nearly as effective as sterilization but does not kill bacterial spores; used on hard, nonporous surfaces.

Effectiveness.

A specific contact of a client’s blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) with the esthetician’s eyes, mouth, or other mucous membranes as a result of performing services & duties.

Long threads attached to the cell to help it move.

Vegetable (plant) parasites, including molds, mildews, & yeasts.

Capable of destroying fungi.

Infection that results when the bloodstream carries pathogens & their toxins (poisons) to all parts of the body.

Disease marked by inflammation of the liver & caused by a blood borne virus.

Human immunodeficiency virus; virus that causes AIDS.

Ability of the body to resist infection & destroy pathogens that have infected the body.

The invasion of boy tissues by disease-causing pathogenic bacteria.

Infection that is confined to a particular part of the body & is indicated by a lesion containing pus.

Information compiled by a manufacturer about its product, ranging from ingredient content & associated hazards to combustion levels & storage requirements.

A highly resistant form of staph infection that can be caused by the overuse of antibiotics.

Any organism of microscopic to submicroscopic size.

Cell motility refers to single-celled organisms & their ability to move in their environment.

Gloves made from synthetic rubbers known as acrylo-nitrile & butadiene; these gloves are resistant to tears, punctures, chemicals & solvents.

An inherent resistance to disease.

Not harmful; not disease producing.

Organism that lives in or on another organism & draws its nourishment from that organism.

Causing disease; harmful.

Skin disease caused by infestation with head lice.

Carbolic acid; a caustic poison; used for peels & to sanitize metallic implements.

Single-celled parasites with the ability to move; they can divide & grow only when inside a host.

Capable of destroying Pseudomonas bacteria.

Fluid product of inflammation that contains white blood cells & the debris of dead cells, tissue elements, & bacteria.

Disinfectants that are considered nontoxic, odorless & fact acting.

Third level of decontamination; significantly reduces the number of [pathogens or disease-0producting organisms found on a surface.

Contagious skin disease caused by an itch mite burrowing under the skin.

Spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria that cause syphilis, Lyme disease & other diseases.

Pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes; cause abscesses, pustules, & boils.

Highest level of decontamination; completely kills every organism on a nonporous surface.

Pus-forming bacteria arranged in curved lines resembling a string of beads; cause infections such as strep throat & blood poisoning.

Capable of destroying the bacteria that cause tuberculosis.

A bacterial disease that usually affects the lungs.

Set of guidelines & controls, published by OSHA, that requires the employer & the employee to assume that all human blood & specified human body fluids are infectious for HIV, hepatitis B virus, & other blood borne pathogens.

Capable of destroying viruses.

Microorganism that can invade plants & animals, including bacteria.

The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues & cells.

Constructive metabolism;the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

The study of the structure of the body that can be seen with the naked eye & what it is made up of;the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose.

Artery that supplied blood to the front part of the ear.

Tendon that connects the occipitalis & the frontalis.

Thick-walled muscular & flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.

One of the two upper chambers of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles.(plural: atria)

Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.

Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.

Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward.

Nerve that affects the external ear & skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.

The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles;Regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, & heart.

The process, or extension, of a neuron by which impulses are sent away from the body of the cell.

Middle part of a muscle.

Muscle producing the contour of the front & inner side of the upper arm.

Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries, & capillaries).

• Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium;
• Largest & most complex nerve tissue;Controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, & the power to think & feel.

Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain.

Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth.

Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper & lower jaw that compresses the cheeks & expels air between the lips.

Thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins.

The involuntary muscle that makes up the heart.

The wrist;Flexible joint composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones held together by ligaments.

The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds, with the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.

Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm & permits soluble substances to enter & leave the cell.

Basic unit of all living things;Minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.

Cerebrospinal nervous system;Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, & cranial nerves.

Lies at the base of the cerebrum & is attached to the brain stem;This term is Latin for “little brain.”

Makes up the bulk of the brain & is located in the front, upper part of the cranium.

Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front & sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.

Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles & scalp at the back of the head & neck.

The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.

System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart & blood vessels.

Collarbone;Bone joining the sternum & scapula.

Arteries that supply blood to the face, head, & neck.

Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, & supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, & tendons.

Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down & wrinkles the forehead vertically.

Oval, bony case that protects the brain.

All the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus;The watery fluid containing food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, & self-repair.

Elimination of foods from the body.

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward & to the side of the body.

Tree-like branching of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell;Short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell.

The blueprint material of genetic information;Contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell.

• Muscle surrounding the lower lip;
• Depresses the lower lip & draws it to once side;Also known as quadrates labii inferioris.

Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region & helps control breathing.

Located in the uppermost part of the midbrain;Consists of two main parts, the thalamus & the hypothalamus.

Breakdown of food by mechanical & chemical means.

Chemicals that change certain kinks of food into a form that can be used by the body.

The mouth, stomach, intestines, & salivary & gastric glands that change food into nutrients & wastes.

Nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers & toes.

A type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck muscles.

Ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream

Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, & health of the entire body.

Broad muscle that covers the top of the skull;Also called occipito-frontalis.

• Protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, & lining of the heart;
• Digestive & respiratory organs;& glands.

Light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.

Group of organs – including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, & lungs – that purify the body by elimination of waste matter.

Duct glands that produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts, such as the dusoriferous (sweat) glands & the sebaceous (oil) glands.

Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, & fingers to form a straight line.

Artery that supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, & side of the head.

Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart form the head, face, & neck.

Artery that supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, & nose;Also called external maxillary artery.

• Chief sensory nerve of the face;
• Controls chewing;Also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve.

Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist.

Artery that supplies blood to the forehead & upper eyelids.

Bone forming the forehead.

Anterior or front portion of the epicranium;Muscle of the scalp.

A cell or group of cells that produce & release substances used nearby or in another part of the body.

Nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck & parotid gland.

Nerve located in the back of the head, affecting the scalp.

Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.

Study of the structure & composition of tissue.

Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands & carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion.

Uppermost & largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue & its muscle.

Body system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, & lymph vessels. Functions protect the body from disease by developing immunities & destroying disease-causing microorganisms as well as draining the tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids to the blood. It carries waste & impurities away from the cells.

Supplies blood to the lower lip.

Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery & supplies blood to the eye muscles.

Nerve that affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, & mouth.

Nerve that affects the membrane & skin of the nose.

Eating or taking food into the body.

The point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable body part.

The skin & its accessory organs, such as the oil & sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair & nails.

Artery that supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose & internal ear.

Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain & parts of the face & neck.

The fluid in spaces between the tissue cells.

Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.

Small, thin bones located in the anterior medial wall of the orbits (eye sockets).

Broad, flat, superficial muscle covering the back of the neck & upper & middle region of the back;Controls the shoulder blade & the swinging movements of the arm.

Muscle that raises the angle of the mouth & draws it inward.

Muscle surrounding the upper lip;Elevates the upper lip & dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.

Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle.

Clear, yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces (lymphatic) of the body;Caries waste & impurities away from the cells.

Lymphatic vessels that occur in clusters & are distributed throughout most of the body.

Glandlike bodies in the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph products.

Body system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, & lymph vessels. Functions protect the body from disease by developing immunities & destroying disease-causing microorganisms as well as draining the tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids to the blood. It carries waste & impurities away from the cells.

Lower jawbone;Largest & strongest bone of the face.

Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles & skin of the lower part of the face;Also, nerve that affects the muscles of the chin & lower lip.

One of the muscles of the jaw used in mastication (chewing).

Form the upper jaw.

Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face.

Nerve, smaller than the ulnar & radial nerves, that supplies the arm & hand.

A condition of the skin that is triggered by hormones;Causes darker pigmentation in areas such as on the upper lip & around the eyes & cheeks.

Nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip & chin.

Muscle that elevates the lower lip & raises & wrinkles the skin of the chin.

Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished & carry out their activities.

Bones of the palm of the hand;Parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus & phalanges.

Artery that supplies blood to the temples.

Cells dividing into two new cells (daughter cells);The usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues.

Nerves that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.

Body system that covers, shapes, & supports the skeleton tissue;Contracts & moves various parts of the body.

Tissue that contracts & moves various parts of the body.

Bones that form the bridge of the nose.

Nerve that affects the point & lower sides of the nose.

Tissue that controls & coordinates all body function.

Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.

Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, & nerves;Controls & coordinates all other systems & makes them work harmoniously & efficiently.

Nerve cell;Basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, nucleus, dendrites, & axon.

Also called involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles;Muscles that function automatically, without conscious will.

A fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins & DNA;Determines our genetic makeup.

Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell;Plays an important part in cell reproduction & metabolism.

Artery that supplies blood to the skin & muscles of the scalp & back of the head up to the crown.

Hindmost bone of the skull, located below the parietal bones.

Back of the epicranius;Muscle that draws the scalp backward.

Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, & interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, & nasal passage.

The rung muscle of the eye socket;Closes the eyelid.

Flat bank around the upper & lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers & wrinkles the lips.

Structures composed of the specialized tissues & performing specific functions.

Part of the muscle that does not move;It is attached to the skeleton & is usually part of a skeletal muscle.

The two bones that form the hard palate of the mouth.

As part of the autonomic nervous system, it operates under normal nonstressful situations, such as resting. It also helps to restore calm & balance to the body after a stressful event.

Artery that supplies blood to the side & crown of the head.

Bones that form the sides & top of the cranium.

Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.

Double-layered membranous sac enclosing the heart.

System of nerves & ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system;Has both sensory & motor nerves.

Moving food along the digestive tract.

Bones of the fingers or toes(singular: phalanx).

Study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures.

Fluid part of the blood & lymph that carries food & secretions to the cells & carbon dioxide from the cells.

Blood cells that aid in the forming of clots.

Broad muscle extending from the chest & shoulder muscles to the side of the chin;Responsible for depressing the lower jaw & lip.

Artery that supplies blood to the scalp, behind & above the ear.

Nerve that affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull.

Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses, the eyebrows, & causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.

Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.

Colorless, jellylike substance in cells;Contains food elements such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, & water.

Process of blood circulation from heart to lungs to be purified.

Artery that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm & the back of the hand.

Nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm & back of the hand.

Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb.

Also called red corpuscles;Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

Automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus; Involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the afferent nerve to the spinal cord, & a responsive impulse along an efferent neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction.

Body system responsible for processes by which plants & animals produce offspring.

Body system consisting of the lungs & air passages;Enables breathing, which supplies the body with oxygen & eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product.

Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out & back, as in grinning.

One of a pair of shoulder blades;Large, flat triangular bone of the shoulder.

Nerves that carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, & pressure are experienced.

Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing & in raising the arm.

Chief motor nerve of the face, emerging near the lower part of the ear.

Physical foundation of the body, composed of the bones & moveable & immovable joints.

Nerve located at the base of the skull, affecting the scalp & muscles behind the ear.

Bone that joins all the bones of the cranium together.

Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, & is protected by the spinal column.

Muscle of the neck that depresses & rotates the head.

The flat bone, or breastbone, that forms the ventral support of the ribs.

Also called voluntary or skeletal muscles;Muscles that are controlled by the will.

Artery that supplies blood to the chin & lower lip.

Artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the front, side & top of the head.

Artery that supplies blood to the upper lip & region of the nose.

Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward & the palm upward.

Artery that supplies blood to the upper eyelid & forehead.

Nerve that affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, & upper eyelid.

Nerve that affects the skin between the eyes & upper side of the nose.

Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates or speeds up activity & prepares the body for stressful situations, such as in running from a dangerous situation, or competing in a sports event.

Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body & back again to the heart;Also called general circulation.

Bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region.

Nerve affecting the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, & upper part of the cheek.

Temporal muscle;One of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing).

The chest;Elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, & other internal organs.

Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.

Artery that supplies blood to the skin & the masseter.

Muscle that covers the back of the neck & upper & middle region of the back;Stabilizes the scapula & shrugs the shoulders.

Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.

Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm & extends the forearm.

Thin layers of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression.

Inner & larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist on the side of the little finger.

Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the little-finger side of the arm & palm of the hand.

Nerve that affects the little-finger side of the arm & palm of the hand.

Structures that temporarily close a passage or permit flow in one direction only.

Body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, & capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.

Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries;They contain cuplike valves to prevent backflow & carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart & lungs.

The lower thick-walled chamber of the heart.

A flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.

Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing germs; Also called white corpuscles or leukocytes.

Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks;The cheekbones.

Nerve that affects the skin of the temple, side of the forehead, & upper part of the cheek.

Muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth;They elevate the lip, as in laughing.

When an acid is mixed with an alkali, also called a base, in equal proportions to neutralize each other & form water (H20) & a salt.

Protective lipids & secretions on top of the skin.

Substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, & turn litmus paper from blue to red.

The gaseous mixture that makes up the earth’s atmosphere. It is odorless, colorless, & generally consists of about 1 part oxygen & 4 parts nitrogen by volume.

Also called bases;Have a pH above 7.0, taste bitter, & turn litmus paper from red to blue.

Free radical scavengers, vitamins, & ingredients. Antioxidants also inhibit oxidation. They are used both to help the condition of the skin & to stop the oxidation that causes products to turn rancid & spoil.

The smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element.

Change in the chemical composition of a substance, in which a new substance or substances are formed that have properties different from the original.

Combinations of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, & distinct properties.

Those characteristics that can be determined only with a chemical reaction & that cause a chemical reaction & that cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.

Science that deals with the composition, structures, & properties of matter & with how matter changes under different conditions.

Rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat & light.

Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements.

The simplest form of matter;Cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity.

Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of the same element.

An unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier.

“Super” oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction & produce a new free radical in the process;Are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen) having an unpaired number of electrons. Free radicals are unstable & can damage DNA, causing inflammation & disease in the body.

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas;The lightest element known.

Chemical compound of hydrogen & oxygen;A colorless liquid with a characteristic odor & a slightly acid taste.

Capable of combining with or attracting water.

Not capable of being mixed.

Branch of chemistry dealing with elements that do not contain carbon.

Having an affinity or attraction to fat & oils.

A method of displaying data in multiples of 10.

Any substance that occupies space & has mass (weight).

Capable of being mixed with another liquid in any proportion without separating.

A chemical combination of two or more atoms.

Colorless, gaseous element that makes up four-fifths of the air in the atmosphere.

Oil droplets dispersed in water with the aid of an emulsifying agent.

Study of substances that contain carbon.

Chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.

• One of the most common types of chemical reactions;
• Prevalent in all areas of chemistry. When oxygen is added to a substance, the substance is oxidized;For example, rust forms when oxygen is added to iron.

To combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen.

The most abundant element on earth.

Relative degree of acidity & alkalinity of a substance.

Change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance.

Combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed composition & in any proportions.

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction & that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.

Acronym for Reduction-Oxidation;Chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced & the reducing agent is oxidized.

Oxidation & reduction happening at the same time.

The loss of oxygen from a substance.

A substance that is dissolved by a solvent to form a solution.

A uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances.

A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution.

• Surface active agents that reduce surface tension between the skin & the product to increase product spreadability;
• Also allow oil & water to mix;Detergents & emulsifiers.

State in which solid particles are distributed throughout a liquid medium.

Most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75% of the earth’s surface & about 65% of the human body.

Droplets of water dispersed in an oil.

The substance that provides energy to cells & converts oxygen to carbon dioxide, a waste product we breathe out.

Organic acids that form the building blocks of protein.

Clogging & hardening of the arteries.

• Biologically active flavonoids;
• Also called vitamin P;Considered an aid to healthy skin & found most abundantly in citrus fruits.

These water-soluble vitamins interact with other water-soluble vitamins & act as coenzymes (catalysts) by facilitating enzymatic reactions. B vitamins include niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine, folacin, biotin, cobalamine, & pantothenic acid.

A measure of heat units;Measures food energy for the body.

Compounds that break down the basic chemical sugars & supply energy for the body.

Combinations of two incomplete foods;Complementary proteins eaten together provide all the essential amino acids & make a complete protein.

The blueprint material of genetic information;Contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell.

Sugars made up of two simple sugars such as lactose & sucrose.

Catalysts that break down complex food molecules to utilize extracted energy.

Macronutrients used to produce energy in the body;The materials in the sebaceous glands that lubricate the skin.

A water-binding substance between the fibers of the dermis.

A condition in which blood glucose or blood sugar drops too low;Caused by either too much insulin or low food intake.

Omega 6, an essential fatty acid used to make important hormones;Also part of the skin’s lipid barrier.

Nutrients that make up the largest part of the nutrition we take in;Three basic food groups: protein, carbohydrates, & fats.

Vitamins & substances that have no calories or nutritional value, yet are essential for body functions.

Inorganic materials required for many reactions of the cells & body.

Carbohydrates made up of one basic sugar unit.

Carbohydrate-lipid complexes that are also good water binders.

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body & do not have to be obtained from the diet.

Alphalinolenic acid;A type of “good” polyunsaturated fat that may decrease cardiovascular diseases. It is also an anti-inflammatory & beneficial fro skin.

A thinning of bones, leaving them fragile & prone to fractures;Caused by the reabsorption of calcium into the blood.

Carbohydrates that contain three or more simple carbohydrate molecules.

Chains of amino acid molecules used in all cell functions & body growth.

A vitamin A derivative. It has demonstrated an ability to alter collagen synthesis & is used to treat acne & visible signs of aging. Side effects are irritation, photo-sensitivity, skin dryness, redness, & peeling.

An antioxidant that aids in the functioning & repair of skin cells.

An antioxidant vitamin needed for proper repair of the skin & tissues.

Fat-soluble vitamin sometimes called the “sunshine vitamin” because the skin synthesizes vitamin D from cholesterol when exposed to sunlight. Essential for growth & development.

Primarily an antioxidant;Helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.

Vitamin responsible for the synthesis of factors necessary for blood coagulation.

Promotional efforts that are paid for & are directly intended to increase business.

A method of taking personal notes that helps the esthetician to remember important data & serve client needs better.

An opportunity at the end of a treatment session to review product recommendations, prepare a home-care program for the client to follow, & produce any additional literature on other treatment options that the client may be interested in.

A method of advising or consulting to clients & recommending the best treatments & products for their use.

A strategy for how goods & services are bought, sold, or exchanged.

The process of getting the consumer’s attention, with the goal of increasing business.

Form that provides the esthetician with a complete client profile, including important information about a client’s skin care habits & health.

A method for gauging the amount of sales & targeting production levels.

The act of recommending & selling products to clients for at-home use.

The practice of recommending or selling additional services to clients that may be performed by you or other practitioners in the salon.

A method of compensation that is percentage-based & is directly related to the employee’s performance;For example, the employee earns a certain percentage of whatever services he or she performs &/ or a certain percentage of the amount of product he or she sells.

The process of reaching logical conclusions by employing logical reasoning.

A salon or spa owned by an individual(s) who pays a certain fee to use the company name & is part of a larger organization or chain of salons.The franchise operates according to a specified business plan & set protocols.

A scheduled meeting or conversation whose sole purpose is to gather information.

Specified list of duties & responsibilities that are required of an employee in the performance of his or her job.

A method of increasing contacts & building relationships to further one’s career.

A method for gauging the amount of sales & targeting production levels.

A summary of education & work experience that highlights relevant accomplishments & achievements.

A person whose behavior & success are worthy of emulation.

A method of compensation that specifies a certain amount of pay based on either a flat or hourly rate.

Refers to a student who begins to prepare for taking a test by practicing good study habits & time management as part of an effective study program.

Those abilities, such as sales training or administrative skills, that were mastered at other jobs & can be applied to a new position.

Eyelash hairs on a strip that are applied with adhesive to the natural lash line.

Shaped, solid mass;Heavy coverage.

Primary & secondary colors opposite one another on the color wheel.

Cosmetics used to cover blemishes & discolorations;May be applied before or after foundation.

Colors with a blue undertone that suggest coolness & are dominated by blues, greens, violets, & blue-reds.

Procedure in which individual synthetic eyelashes are attached directly to a client’s own lashes at their base.

Heavy makeup used for theatrical purposes.

Separate artificial eyelashes that are applied on top of the lashes one at a time.

Dull;Not shiny.

Yellow, red, & blue;Fundamental colors that cannot be obtained from a mixture.

Colors obtained by mixing equal parts of two primary colors.

Colors formed by mixing equal amounts of secondary co.lor & its neighboring primary color.

The range of colors with yellow undertones;From yellow & gold through oranges, red-oranges, most reds, & even some yellow-greens.

Process of desincrustation or forcing negative liquids into the tissues from the negative toward the positive pole;An alkaline, stimulating reaction.

Process of forcing positive, acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole, Tightens & calms the skin.

Galvanic current is used to create an alkaline chemical reaction that emulsifies or liquefies sebum & debris.

The use of electrical devices for therapeutic benefits.

A constant & direct current, it uses a positive & negative pole to produce chemical reactions, (desincrustation) & ionic reactions (iontophoresis).

Apparatus that utilizes alternating or sinusoidal current to produce a mild to strong heat effect.High frequency is a Tesla current, sometimes called the violet ray.

An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.

The separating of a substance into ions.

Process of introducing ions of water-soluble products into the skin by using an electric current such as the positive & negative poles of a galvanic machine.

Atomizer designed to apply plant extracts & other ingredients to the skin.

Machine used to lightly exfoliate & stimulate the skin;Also helps soften excess oil, dirt, & cell buildup.

Chemical reaction during desincrustation where the current transforms the sebum into soap.

Alternating current similar to faradic current;Produces mechanical contractions & is used during scalp & facial manipulations.

Spray misting device.

A heat effect;Used for permanent hair removal.

Device that vacuums/suctions the skin to remove impurities & stimulate circulation.

Filtered black light that is used to illuminate skin disorders, fungi, bacterial disorders, & pigmentation.

Beneficial for oily skin;It helps move sebum out of the follicles & up to the skin’s surface by kneading.

A soft, continuous stroking movement applied with the fingers & palms in a slow & rhythmic manner.

• A rubbing movement;
• Pressure is maintained on the skin to create friction.Chucking, rolling, & wringing are variations of friction.

A form of petrissage in which the tissue is grasped, gently lifted, & spread out.

Stimulates lymph fluid to flow through the lymphatic vessels.This light massage technique helps to cleanse & detoxify the body.

A manual or mechanical manipulation by rubbing, kneading, or other methods that stimulate metabolism & circulation.

A kneading movement that stimulates the underlying tissues.

Treatment of the body through reflex points located on the bottom of the feet.

A form of acupressure.

Fast tapping, slapping, & hacking movements.

A rapid shaking movement in which the technician uses the body & shoulders, not just the fingertips, to create the movement.

A room used for mixing products & storing supplies.

Furniture & body positions healthy for the body & spine.

The study of adapting work conditions to suit the worker.

Tools used by estheticians.

An area kept clean for setup of procedure implements & supplies;For example, an SMA can be a towel (paper or cloth) on the workstation.

An ultraviolet (UV), wet, or dry sanitizer is used for disinfecting tools & equipment.An autoclave is a sterilizer.

Plastic biohazard containers for disposable needles & anything sharp. The container is red & puncture-proof & must be disposed of as medical waste.

Damage or condition caused by sun exposure.

Acids used to exfoliate the skin.

Lack of oil.

Free radical scavengers, vitamins, & ingredients.

A factor that prohibits a treatment due to a condition;Treatments could cause harmful or negative side effects to those who have specific medical or skin conditions.

Redness;Distended capillaries from weakening of the capillary walls.

Lack of water.

A scale used to measure the skin type’s ability to tolerate sun exposure.

Abnormally thick build-ups of cells.

Pigment granules of melanocyte cells that produce melanin in the basal layer.

Products that reduce Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to help hold in moisture & protect the skin’s top barrier layer.

Chains of amino acids;Used to treat wrinkles & elasticity.

Classification that describes a person’s genetic skin type.

The center area of the face;Corresponds to the “T” shape formed by the forehead, nose, & chin.

An arrangement in which the esthetician is required to pay the owner a set rental fee, along with payment of utilities as agreed upon, to operate in a specific space within the owner’s establishment.

A strategy for understanding key elements in developing business;Also serves as a guide to making informed business decisions.

The money needed to start a business.

Items used to conduct daily business operations.

Form of business ownership whereby one or more stockholders share ownership;The corporation is considered an independent legal entity separate & distinct from its owners with its own rights, privileges, & liabilities.

• The particular identifying characteristics of an area or population, such as the specific size, age, sex, or ethnicity of its residents;
• Average income;& buying habits.

A handbook or guide for employees;Contains important general information about salon operations, such as the number of sick days or vacation time allowed, holiday closings, how to call in late or sick, & the appropriate dress code for estheticians.

Those operating costs that are constant, for example, rent & loan payments.

Specified list of duties & responsibilities that are required of an employee in the performance of his or her job.

• Form of business ownership in which two or more people share ownership, although this does not necessarily mean an equal arrangement.
• In a partnership, each partner assumes the other’s unlimited liability for debt.Profits are shared among partners.

Employees;Staff.

Manual or set of instructions designed to standardize operations;Supplies specific protocols for conducting individual services, such as the expected method for performing a glycolic or microdermabrasion treatment.

Amount of money available after all expenses are subtracted from all revenues.

The planning & developing of relationships to achieve a certain desired behavior.

Items Available for sale to clients.

Income generated from selling services & products, or money taken in.

Form of business ownership in which an individual acts as sole owner & manager & is responsible for determining all policies & making all of the necessary decisions associated with running a business.

Business expenses that fluctuate, such as utilities, supplies, & advertising.

Procedure that removes excessive fat deposits & loose skin from the abdomen to tuck & tighten the area.

Indian philosophy of balancing life & the body through various methods ranging from massage to eating habits.It is based on three doshas, or mind & body types.

Body treatments that use mud or fango, dead sea salt, seaweed, enzymes, or peat baths.

An eye lift.It removes the fat & skin from the upper & lower lids.

Remineralize & detoxify the body using clay, mud, gel, or seaweed mixtures.

Use of friction to exfoliate, hydrate, increase circulation, & nourish the skin.

Remineralize, hydrate, stimulate, or promote relaxation by using aloe, gels, lotions, oils, seaweed, herbs, clay, or mud.

Neuromuscular-blocking serum (botulinum toxin) that paralyzes nerve cells on the muscle when this serum is injected into it.

Cell turnover rate.

Gel-like lumps of fat, water, & residues of toxic substances beneath the skin, usually around the hips & thighs of overweight people.

Elective surgery for improving & altering the appearance.

A medical procedure;Strong exfoliation method using a mechanical brush to physically remove tissue down to the dermis.

Products used to fill lines, wrinkles, & other facial imperfections.

A treatment for cellulite.

Treatment of the body through reflex points located on the bottom of the feet.

Spa treatments that use water.

Substances used in nonsurgical procedures to fill in or plump up areas of the skin.Botox & dermal fillers are injectables.

A light to medium peel of lactic acid, salicylic acid, & resorcinol in an ethanol solvent.

Procedure used to smooth wrinkles or lighten acne scars.Collagen remodeling stimulates the growth of new collagen in the dermis.

Acronym for “light amplification stimulation emission of radiation:;Medical devices using electromagnetic radiation for hair removal & skin treatments.

The application of light rays to the skin for the treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, pigmentation, or hair removal.

Procedure that surgically removes pockets of fat.

Breast surgery.

Stimulates lymph fluid to flow through the lymphatic vessels.This light massage technique helps to cleanse & detoxify the body.

A device that mimics the body’s natural electrical energy to reeducate & tone facial muscles;Improves circulation & increases collagen & elastin production.

A form of mechanical exfoliation.

Procedure that does not remove tissue;Wrinkle treatments that bypass the epidermis to stimulate collagen in the dermis for wrinkle reduction are nonablative.

• Carbolic acid;
• A caustic poison;Used for peels & to sanitize metallic implements.

Defined as “restoring a bodily function.”It is necessary surgery for accident survivors & those with congenital disfigurements or other diseases.

Nose surgery that makes a nose smaller or changes its appearance.

A face lift.This removes excess fat at the jawline, tightens loose, atrophic muscles, & removes sagging skin.

Minimizes varicose veins (dilated blood vessels) & other varicosities by injecting chemical agents into the affected areas or by laser treatments.

The use of hot stones & cold stones in massage or in other treatments.

Procedure performed inside the lower eyelid to remove bulging fat pads, which are often congenital.

A strong peel used to diminish sun damage & wrinkles.

First stage of hair growth, during which new hair is produced.

Located in the hair follicle;When it contracts, the hair stands straight up, causing goose bumps.

• Infected inflammation of the hair follicle;
• Ingrown hairs due to shaving.Pseudofolliculitis is inflammation of hair follicles without the infection.

Second transition stage of hair growth;In the catagen stage, the hair shaft grows upward & detaches itself from the bulb.

The process of removing hair at skin level.

Substance, usually a caustic alkali preparation, used for temporarily removing superfluous hair by dissolving it at the skin level.

Removal of hair by means of an electric current that destroys the hair root.

Removes hairs from the follicles;Waxing or tweezing.

The swelling at the base of the follicle that provides the hair with nourishment;It is a thick, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root.

The tubular shield that surrounds the hair shaft;The “pore” where hairs grow.

Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle that fits into the bulb.The papillae are filled with tissue that contains the blood vessels & cells necessary for hair growth & follicle nourishment.

Part of the hair that lies within the follicle at its base, where the hair grows.

Portion of the hair that extends or projects beyond the skin, consisting of the outer layer (cuticle), inner layer (medulla), & middle layer (cortex).Color changes happen in the cortex.

Growth of an unusual amount of hair on parts of the body normally bearing only downy hair, such as the face, arms & legs of women or the backs of men.

Excessive hair growth where hair does not normally grow.

A photoepilation hair-reduction method using flashes of light & different wavelengths;An intense pulse of electromagnetic radiation.

The hair on a fetus;Soft & downy hair covering most of the body.

A photoepilation hair reduction treatment in which a laser beam is pulsed on the skin using one wavelength at a time, impairing hair growth;An intense pulse of electromagnetic radiation.

Hair reduction methods using lasers & intense pulsed light (IPL).

An ancient method of hair removal, dating back to the Egyptians.The original recipe is a mixture of sugar, lemon juice, & water that is heated to form syrup, molded into a ball & pressed onto the skin, & the quickly stripped away.

Final hair-growth stage, the resting stage.

A heat effect;Used for permanent hair removal.

The scientific study of hair & its diseases.

Very fine, soft, downy hair covering most of the body.

Process used to soften & emulsify grease deposits (oil( & blackheads in the hair follicles.

The manual removal of impurities & comedones.

A professional service designed to improve & rejuvenate the skin.

An infection of the hair follicles characterized by inflammation & pus.

Hair is trapped under the skin, causing a bacterial infection;From improper shaving.

Often referred to as “razor bumps”;Resembles folliculitis without the infection.

Vascular constriction of capillaries & blood flow.

Protective lipids & secretions on top of the skin.

A protective cushion that gives contour & smoothness to the body.

Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm & genital areas.

The muscle that contracts & causes “goose bumps” when we are cold.

The protective barrier of the epidermis;The corneum & intercellular cement protect the surface from irritation & dehydration.

Cell division;Occurs continuously in the basal cell layer.

Lipid materials that are a natural part of the intercellular cement.

• Fibrous, connective tissue made form protein;
• Found in the reticular layer of the dermis;
• Gives skin its firmness.
• Topically, a large, long-chain molecular protein that lies on the top of the skin & binds water;Derived from the placentas of cows or other sources.

Membranes of ridges & grooves that attach to the epidermis.

Live layer of connective tissue below the epidermis.

The structures that assist in holding cells together.

Sweat glands found all over the body;Not attached to hair follicles, do not produce an offensive odor.

Protein fiber found in the dermis;Gives skin its elasticity & firmness.

The outermost layer of skin;A thin, protective layer with many nerve endings.

Cells that produce amino acids & collagen.

Hair follicles & sebaceous follicles are tubelike depressions in the epidermis.

Oxygen atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons that cause oxidation.They steal electrons from other molecules, which damages the other molecules.

Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle that fits into the bulb.The papillae are filled with tissue that contains the blood vessels & cells necessary for hair growth & follicle nourishment.

Study of the structure & composition of tissue.

Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands & carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body or a body organ to stimulate functional activity or secretion;The internal messengers for most of the body’s systems.

Hydrating fluids found in the skin;Hydrophilic agent with water-binding properties.

The skin & its extensions, such as the hair, nails, & glands.

Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss & irritation.

Fiber protein found in skin, hair, & nails;Provides resiliency & protection to the skin.

Cells composed of keratin.

Fats or fatlike substances. Lipids help repair & protect the barrier function of the skin.

Located in the dermis, these supply nourishment within the skin & remove waste.

Skin pigment;A defense mechanism to protect skin from the sun.

Cells that produce pigment granules in the basal layer.

The top layer of the dermis next to the epidermis.

Study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures.

A tubelike opening for sweat glands on the epidermis.

The deeper layer of the dermis, containing proteins that give the skin its strength & elasticity.

Sebaceous glands are connected to the hair follicles in the reticular layer;These produce sebum, which protects the surface of the skin.

Provides protection for the epidermis from external factors & lubricates both the skin & hair.

Outermost layer of the epidermis;Also called the horny layer.

First layer of the epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis;Also known as the basal layer.

Layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with keratin that resemble granules;Replace cells shed from the stratum corneum.

Clear layer of epidermis under the stratum corneum;Found only on the palms of hands & soles of feet.

Spiny layer of epidermis above the basal layer.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue located beneath the dermis.

Subcutaneous tissue located beneath the dermis.

Excrete perspiration & detoxify the body by excreting excess salt & unwanted chemicals.

Describes capillaries that have been damaged & are now larger, or distended blood vessels.Commonly called couperose skin.

Water loss caused by evaporation on the skin’s surface.

Longer, aging rays that penetrate deeper into the skin than UVB rays.

Shorter, burning rays that are stronger than UVA rays.

Electrode used on the area to be treated.

Rapid & interrupted current, flowing first in one direction & then in the opposite direction.

Unit that measures the amount of an electric current (quantity of electrons flowing through a conductor).

Process of forcing liquids into the tissues from the negative toward the positive pole.

Positive electrode.

Therapeutic light that should be used only on oily skin that is bare; contains few heat rays, is the least penetrating, & has some germicidal & chemical benefits.

Process of forcing acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole.

Negative electrode.

Switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication of overload.

The path of an electric current from the generating source through conductors & back to its original source.

Any substance, material, or medium that easily transmits electricity.

Apparatus that changes direct current to alternating current.

Galvanic current is used to create an alkaline chemical reaction that emulsifies or liquefies sebum & debris.

Constant, even-flowing current that travels in one direction only.

Flow of electricity along a conductor.

Form of energy that, when in motion, exhibits, magnetic, chemical, or thermal effects;A flow of electrons.

Applicator for directing the electric current from the machine to the client’s skin.

Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves;Also called radiant energy because it carries, or radiates, energy through space on waves.

The use of electrical devices for therapeutic benefits.

Alternating & interrupted current that produces a mechanical reaction without a chemical effect.

Special device that prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit.

A constant & direct current (DC);Uses a positive & negative pole to produce the chemical changes of desincrustation, an iontophoresis.

Opposite pole from the active electrode.

Invisible rays that have longer wavelengths, penetrate deeper, & produce more heat than visible light does.

Substance that does not easily transmit electricity.

Process of introducing water-soluble products into the skin by using electric current such as that from the positive & negative poles of a galvanic machine.

1,000 watts.

Acronym for light amplification stimulation emission of radiation;A medical device used for hair removal & skin treatments.

The application of light rays to the skin for the treatment of acne, wrinkles, capillaries, pigmentation, or hair removal.

A device that mimics the body’s natural electrical energy to reeducate & tone facial muscles;Improves circulation & increases collagen & elastin production.

One-thousandth of an ampere.

Currents used in electrical facial & scalp treatments.

Unit that measures the resistance of an electric current.

Phototherapy (light therapy(, is a form of treatment used for various skin conditions using artificial light wavelengths from the ultraviolet (flue light) part of the sun’s spectrum

Process by which light from a laser is turned into heat.

Tow- or three-prong connector at the end of an electrical cord that connects an apparatus to an electrical outlet.

Negative or positive pole of an electric current.

Apparatus that changes alternating current to direct current.

Therapeutic light used on dry skin in combination with oils & creams;Penetrates the deepest & produces the most heat.

Alternating current similar to faradic current;Produces mechanical contractions & is used during scalp & facial manipulations.

Thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration;Also called violet ray.

Invisible rays that have short wavelengths, are the least penetrating rays, produce chemical effects, & kill germs;Also called cold rays or actinic rays.

The primary source of light used in facial & scalp treatments.

Unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes the flow of electrons forward through a conductor.

Measurement of how much electric energy is being used in one second.

Distance between two successive peaks of electromagnetic waves.

Referred to as combination light because it is a combination of all the visible rays of the spectrum.

A chronic inflammatory skin disorder of the sebaceous glands that is characterized by comedones & blemishes; Also know as acne simplex or acne vulgaris.

A disorder where clients purposely scrape off acne lesions, causing scarring & discoloration.

Pink or flesh-colored precancerous lesions that feel sharp or rough, usually as the result of sun damage.

The absence of melanin pigment in the body, including skin, hair & eyes;The technical term for albinism is congenital leukoderma.

A deficiency in perspiration, often a result of a fever or skin disease, that requires medical treatment.

Dry, scaly skin from sebum deficiency, which can be due to aging, body disorders, alkalies of harsh soaps, or cold exposure.

Dermatitis is genetically related to over-reactive immune systems & is prevalent in people with nasal allergies & asthma.

Pinkeye;Very contagious.

The most common & the least severe type of skin cancer, which often appears as light, pearly nodules.

Foul-smelling perspiration, usually in the armpits or on the feet.

A large blister containing watery fluid;Similar to a vesicle, but larger.

A large circumscribed inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci;Similar to a furuncle (foil) but larger.

Increased pigmentation;Liver spots.

A tendency to clog follicles & cause a buildup of dead skin cells, resulting in comedones.

• An open comedo or blackhead;
• A mass of hardened sebum & skin cells in a hair follicle.
• When the follicle is filled with an excess of oil, a blackhead forms.
• It is dark because it is exposed to oxygen Y oxidizes. Closed comedones do not have a follicular opening & are called milia or whiteheads.

An inflammatory skin condition caused by contact with a substance or chemical.Occupational disorders from ingredients in cosmetics & chemical solutions can cause contact dermatitis, or dermatitis venenata.

Dead cells form over a wound or blemish while it is healing, resulting in an accumulation of sebum & pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal material. An example is the scab on a sore.

A closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid, infection, or other matter above or below the skin.

Any inflammatory condition of the skin. Various forms of lesions, such as eczema, vesicles, or papules.

Physician who treats skin disorders & diseases.

Branch of science that studies & treats the skin & its disorders.

• An inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic in nature, with dry or moist lesions.
• This condition should be referred to a physician.Seborrheic dermatitis, mainly affecting oily areas, is a common form of eczema.

Swelling caused by a response to injury or infection.

Redness caused by inflammation;A red lesion is erythemic.

A skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.

A crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis.Chapped lips or hands are fissures.

Inflammation of the hair follicles.

A subcutaneous abscess filled with pus;Also called boils, furuncles are caused by bacteria in the glands or hair follicles.

• This strain of the herpes virus causes fever blisters or cold sores;
• It is a recurring, contagious viral infection consisting of a vesicle or group of vesicles on a red, swollen base.The blisters usually appear on the lips or nostrils.

This strain of the herpes virus infects the genitals.

Shingles, a painful skin condition from the chickenpox virus;Characterized by groups of blisters that form a rash.

Excessive perspiration caused by heat or body weakness.Medical treatment is required.

A thickening of the skin caused by a mass of keratinized cells (Keratinocytes).

Overproduction of pigment.

An abnormal growth;Many are benign, or harmless.

Lack of pigment.

A contagious bacterial infection often occurring in children;Characterized by clusters of small blisters.

A thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue (collagen).

Cells composed of keratin.

An acquired, thickened patch of epidermis.A callus caused by pressure or friction is a keratoma.

Abnormally thick build-ups of cells.

Redness & bumpiness in the cheeks or upper arms;Caused by blocked follicles.

• Freckles;
• Small yellow-brown colored spots.
• Lentigenes that result from sunlight exposure are actinic, or solar, lentigenes.Patches are referred to as large macules.

Structural changes in tissues caused by damage or injury.

Light, abnormal patches caused by a burn or congenital disease that destroys the pigment-producing cells. Vitiligo & albinism are leukodermas.

A flat spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle.Macules are neither raised nor sunken.

The most serious form of skin cancer.Black or dark patches on the skin are usually uneven in texture, jagged, or raised.

• Term for hyperpigmentation;
• Pregnancy mask is often called melasma.This condition is triggered by hormonal changes & may fade with time.

Also called whiteheads, milia are whitish, pearl-like masses of sebum & dead cells under the skin.Milia are more common in dry skin types & may form after skin trauma, such as a laser resurfacing.

Prickly heat;Acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands resulting in the eruption of red vesicles & burning, itching skin from excessive heat exposure.

• A brownish spot ranging in color from tan to bluish black.
• Some are flat, resembling freckles;Others are raised & darker.

A birthmark or mole;Malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries.

Also referred to as tumors, but these are smaller bumps caused by conditions such as scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections.

A pimple;Small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus.

An acne-like condition around the mouth.These are mainly small clusters of papules that could be caused by toothpaste or products used on the face.

Primary lesions are characterized by flat, non-palpable changes in skin color such as macules or patches, or an elevation formed by fluid in a cavity, such as vesicles, bullae, or pustules.

The medical term for itching.

Often referred to as “razor bumps”;Resembles folliculitis without the pus.

• A skin disease characterized by red patches covered with white-silver scales.
• It is caused by an over-proliferation of skin cells that replicate too fast.
• Immune dysfunction could be the cause.Psoriasis is usually found in patches on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest, & lower back.

An inflamed papule with a white or yellow center containing pus, a fluid consisting of white blood cells, bacteria, & other debris produced from an infection.

Hereditary factor in which dead skin cells do not shed form the follicles as they do on normal skin.

• nflammation of the skin;
• Chronic congestion primarily on the cheeks & nose.Characterized by redness, dilation of blood vessels, & in severe cases, the formation of papules & pustules.

• Flaky skin cells;
• Any thin plate of epidermal flakes, dry or oily.An example is abnormal or excessive dandruff.

• Light-colored, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed up.
• The tissue hardens to heal the injury.
• Elevated scars are hypertrophic;A keloid is a hypertrophic (abnormal) scar.

Similar to open comedones, these are mainly solidified impactions of oil without the cell matter.

Benign lesions frequently seen in oilier areas of the face.An overgrowth of the sebaceous gland, they appear similar to open comedones;Often doughnut-shaped, with sebaceous material in the center.

Severe oiliness of the skin;An abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands.

A common form of eczema.

Skin damage, developed in the later stages of disease, that changes the structure of tissues or organs.

Small outgrowths or extensions of the skin that look like flaps.They are benign & are common under the arms or on the neck.

More serious than basal cell carcinoma;Characterized by scaly red papules or nodules.

• Brown or wine-colored discoloration.
• Stains occur after certain diseases, or after moles, freckles, or liver spots disappear.A port wine stain is a birthmark, which is a vascular type of nevus.

• A sebaceous cyst or subcutaneous tumor filled with sebum;
• Ranges in size from a pea to an orange.
• It usually appears on the scalp, neck, & back;Also called a wen.

An increase in pigmentation due to the melanin production that results from exposure to UV rays.Melanin is designed to help protect the skin from the sun’s UV rays.

Describes capillaries that have been damaged & are now larger, or distended blood vessels.Commonly called couperose skin.

A fungal infection.

A contagious infection that forms a ringed, red pattern with elevated edges.Also called ringworm.

Yeast infection that inhibits melanin production.

An abnormal rounded, solid lump;Larger than a papule.

A large nodule;An abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive cell multiplication & varying in size, shape, & color.

• An open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus & loss of skin depth.
• A deep erosion;A depression in the skin, normally due to infection or cancer.

Hives.

Vascular dilation of blood vessels.

• A wart;
• Hypertrophy of the papillae & epidermis caused by a virus.It is infectious & contagious.

A small blister or sac containing clear fluid.Poison ivy & poison oak produce vesicles.

White spots or areas on the skin from lack of pigment cells;Sunlight makes it worse.

• An itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, insect bite, skin allergy reaction, or stings.
• Hives & mosquito bites are wheals.Hives (urticaria) can be caused by exposure to allergens used in products.

• AHAs are naturally-occurring milk acids;
• Glycolic, lactic, malic, & tartaric acid.
• AHAs exfoliate by loosening the bonds between dead corneum cells & dissolve the intercellular cement.Acids also stimulate cell renewal.

• Antiseptic & solvent used in perfumes, lotions, & astringents.
• SD alcohol is a special denatured ethyl alcohol.Also known as ethanol

Derived from minerals & phytohormones;Remineralizes & revitalizes the skin.

Used in cold cream, hand lotion, hair lotion, aftershave, & other skin-soothing cosmetics because of its ability to help heal wounds & skin ulcers & to stimulate the growth of healthy tissue.

• The most popular botanical used in cosmetic formulations;
• Emollient & film-forming gum resin with hydrating, softening, healing, antimicrobial, & anti-inflammatory properties.

Compound made of aluminum, potassium, or ammonium sulfate with strong astringent action.

Small, sealed vials containing a single application of highly concentrated extracts in a water or oil base.

Describes products that do not contain any water.

The therapeutic use of plant aromas & essential oils for beauty & health treatment purposes.

Liquids that help remove excess oil on the skin.

• Derived from the chamomile plant & characterized by its deep blue color;
• Has anti-inflammatory & soothing properties.

Drying ingredient with antibacterial properties commonly used for blemishes & acne.

Ingredients used in anti-aging cosmetics to help reduce the appearance of fine lines & wrinkles by stimulating the formation of collagen.

• BHAs are exfoliating organic acids;
• Salicylic & citric acids.
• BHAs are milder than AHAs.
• BHAs dissolve oil & are beneficial for oil skin.

Substances such as glycerin that bind, or hold, products together.

Ingredients derived from plants.

Anti-inflammatory plant extract.

• Ingredients used to thicken creams;
• Frequently used in gel products.

• Rich in vitamin A, commonly derived from seeds & as an oil;
• Also used as product coloring.

Lipid materials that are a natural part of the intercellular cement.

• Inorganic color agents also known as metal salts;
• Liston on ingredient labels as D&C (drug & cosmetic).

Plant extract with calming & soothing properties.

A chemical added to cosmetics to improve the efficiency of the preservative.

Chemical agent that dissolves dead skin cells.

Masks that draw impurities to the surface of the skin as they dry & tighten.

• Soaps & detergents that clean the skin.
• Alkalines & fatty acids of oils or soaps are combined to make soaps.

Powerful antioxidant that protects & revitalizes skin cells.

• Typically, a long-chain molecular protein that lies on the top of the skin & binds water, also plumps the surface of the skin & prevents water loss.
• A topical protein derived from animals or synthetically manufactured.
• Collagen is the protein fiber in the dermis.

Substances such as vegetable, pigment, or mineral dyes that give products color.

Tendency of any topical substance to cause or to worsen a buildup in the follicle, leading to the development of a comedo (blackhead).

Products intended to improve the skin’s health & appearance.

As defined by the FDA, “articles that are intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance.”

Chemical systems that deliver ingredients to specific tissues of the epidermis.

Type of surfactant used as cleansers in skin care products.

Antioxidant that stabilizes cell membranes & boosts the effect of other antioxidants.

• Prevents infection & has healing properties.
• Used internally to support the immune system.

Ingredients that lubricate, moisturize, & prevent water loss.

Surfactants that cause oil & water to mix & form an emulsion.

Enzyme products that dissolve keratin proteins (dead skin cells) & exfoliate the skin.

• Oils derived from herbs;
• Have many different properties & effects on the skin & psyche.

Mechanical & chemical products or processes used to exfoliate the skin.

The peeling or sloughing of the outer layer of skin.

Lubricant ingredients derived from plant oils or animal fats.

Fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen.

Emollients produced from fatty acids & alcohols.

These give products their scent.

• Oxygen atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons that cause oxidation.
• They steal electrons from other molecules, which damages the other molecules.

Skin-freshening lotions with a low alcohol content.

Ingredients in cosmetic products that allow the products to spread, give them body & texture, & give them a specific form such as a lotion, cream, or gel.

• Formed by a decomposition of oils or fats;
• Excellent skin softener & humectants;
• Very strong water binder.

Yeast cell derivatives that enhance cellular metabolism, which boosts oxygen uptake in the cell.

Peeling cream that is rubbed off the skin.

Powerful antioxidant with soothing properties.

• Powerful antioxidant & soothing agent.
• Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, & a stimulant.
• Helpful for couperose skin.

Substances such as chamomile or aloe that help to heal the skin.

• Along with plant extracts, herbs contain phytohormones.
• Hundreds of different herbs are used in skin care products & cosmetics;
• They heal, stimulate, soothe & moisturize.

• Extract containing bioflavonoids;
• Also known as vitamin P.
• Helps strengthen capillary walls;
• Used for couperose areas or Telangiectasia.

• Ingredients that attract water.
• Humectants draw moisture to the skin & soften its surface, diminishing lines caused by dryness.
• Glycerin is a humectants used in creams & lotions.

• Hydrating fluids found in the skin;
• Hydrophilic agent with water-binding properties.

• Ingredients that attract water to the skin’s surface;
• Also known as humectants or hydrophilic agents.

• Oil widely used in cosmetics;
• Extracted from the beanlike seeds of the desert shrub.
• Used as a lubricant & non-comedogenic emollient & moisturizer.

Skin-brightening agent.

The common term for certified colors.

• Emollient with moisturizing properties;
• Also an emulsifier with high water absorption capabilities.

• All-purpose oil having many properties.
• Antiallergenic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antibacterial, balancing, energizing, soothing, healing, & conversely, stimulating.

Anti-irritant used for sensitive skin.

• Fats or fatlike substances.
• Lipids help repair & protect the barrier function of the skin.

Closed lipid bilayer spheres that encapsulate ingredients, target their delivery to specific tissues of the skin, & control their release.

• Coat the skin & reduce friction.
• Mineral oil is a lubricant.

Ingredients such as herbs, vitamins, & oils combined with clay, seaweed, or hydrating bases that treat the skin.

Method of rubbing dead cells off of the skin.

• One of the most frequently used preservatives because of its very low sensitizing potential.
• Combats bacteria & molds;
• Non-comedogenic.

A lubricant derived from petroleum.

Thermal heat masks.

Products formulated to add moisture to the skin.

Carbohydrate-lipid complexes that are also good water binders.

• Colors that are organic, meaning they come from animal or plant extracts;
• They can also be natural mineral pigments.

Compatible with oil.

Gives us our sense of smell, which is the strongest of the five senses.

Cream masks or gel masks that nourish rather than deep-cleanse the skin.

Natural enzyme used for exfoliation & in enzyme peels.

• One of the most commonly used groups of preservatives in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, & food industries;
• Provide bacteriostatic & fungistatic activity against a diverse number of organisms.

Mask used to warm the skin & promote penetration of ingredients deeper into the skin through the heat trapped under the surface of the paraffin.

Chains of amino acids used to treat wrinkles & elasticity.

Ingredients in cosmetic products that cause the actual changes in the appearance of the skin.

• An occlusive agent that restores the barrier layer by holding in water.
• Used after laser surgery to protect the skin while healing.

Acids or alkalis (bases) used to adjust the pH of products.

The use of plant extracts for therapeutic benefits.

• Ingredients derived from yeast cells that help strengthen the immune system & stimulate the metabolism;
• They are also hydrophilic & help preserve & protect collagen & elastin.

• Chemical compounds formed by a number of small molecules;
• Advanced vehicles that release substances onto the skin’s surface at a microscopically-controlled rate.

A strong alkali used in soaps & creams.

• Chemical agents that inhibit the growth of microorganisms in cosmetic formulations.
• These kill bacteria & prevent products from spoiling.

A humectants often used in dry or sensitive skin moisturizers.

• An all-purpose preservative active against bacteria, mold, & yeast.
• It is probably the greatest formaldehyde releaser among cosmetic preservatives, causing dermatitis & allergies.

• A vitamin A derivative.
• It has demonstrated an ability to alter collagen synthesis & is used to treat acne & visible signs of aging.
• Side effects are irritation, photosensitivity, skin dryness, redness, & peeling.

A natural form of vitamin A, stimulates cell repair & helps to normalize skin cells by generating new cells.

• Credited with moisturizing, astringent, tonic, & deodorant properties;
• Found in the forms of rose extracts, oil or water.

• A beta hydroxyl acid with exfoliating & antiseptic properties;
• Natural sources include sweet birch, willow bark, & wintergreen.

• Seaweed derivatives such as algae have many nourishing properties.
• Specifically, seaweed is known for its humectants & moisturizing properties, vitamin content, metabolism stimulation & detoxification, & aiding skin firmness.

Concentrated liquid ingredients for the skin designed to penetrate & treat various skin conditions.

An oil that is chemically combined with silicon & oxygen & leaves a non-comedogenic, protective film on the surface of the skin.

• Baking soda;
• An alkaline inorganic salt used as a buffering agent, neutralizer & a pH adjuster.

Substances that dissolve another substance to form a solution.

Humectant that absorbs moisture from the air to prevent skin dryness.

• Ceramides, or lipid material, that are a natural part of the intercellular cement.
• Glycosphingolipids & phospholipids are also natural lipids found in the barrier layer.

• Derived from olives;
• Desensitizes & nourishes;
• An emollient.

• Originally from shark-liver oil;
• Also occurs in small amounts in olive oil, wheat germ oil, & rice bran oil;
• Also found in human sebum.
• A lubricant & perfume fixative.

• Sulfur reduces oil=gland activity & dissolves the skin’s surface layer of dry, dead cells.
• This ingredient is commonly used in acne products.
• It can cause allergic skin reactions in some sensitive people.

• Surface active agents that reduce surface tension between the skin & the product to increase product spreadability;
• Also allow oil & water to mix;
• Detergents & emulsifiers.

• Soothing & antiseptic;
• Antifungal properties.

Ingredient derived from yeast cells that functions as an anti-inflammatory & moisturizing ingredient.

An inorganic physical sunscreen that reflects UVA rays.

Liquids that tone & tighten the skin.

• Properties include enhancing the penetration abilities of other substances.
• Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, & deodorizing action allow urea to protect the skin’s surface & help maintain healthy skin.
• Does not induce photoallergy, phototoxicity, or sensitization.

Spreading agents & ingredients that carry or deliver other ingredients into the skin & make them more effective.

An antioxidant vitamin needed for proper repair of the skin & tissues.

Vitamin responsible for the synthesis of factors necessary for blood coagulation.

Mixable with water.

• Extracted from the bark of the hamanelis shrub;
• Can be a soothing agent or, in higher concentrations, an astringent.

• An inorganic physical sunscreen that reflects UVA rays.
• Also used to protect, soothe, & heal the skin;
• Is somewhat astringent, antiseptic, & antibacterial.