-
How is Hypokalemia Treated?
- Potassium Replacement
- ** NEVER GIVE IV PUSH**
- **IT MUST BE ON A PUMP**
-
What can an Isotonic solution cause?
Circulatory Overload
-
foods containing high levels of Potassium:
- Chocolate
- Meats
- Carrots
- Dried fruits, nuts & seeds
- Veggies: potatoes, mushrooms & tomatoes
- Fruits: oranges, bananas, apricots, cantalope
-
Hypotonic Solution
- Osmolarity belowe blood plasma
- Hydrates Cells
- FLuid shifts out of vessels and into cells
-
When is use of Hypotonic Solutions Cautioned?
- Cerebral Edema
- Increased Intracranial Pressure
- Hypotension
- Third Spacing
-
Hypertonic
I shrink!!!
- Osmolarity higher than plasma
- "Shrinks Cell"
- Fluid shifts out of cells and into vessels
- This is used mostly for post op patients
-
What are some causes of Hyponatremia?
- GI losses
- Hyperglycemia
- Burns
- Trauma
- Renal Failure
-
What are the signs & symptoms of Hyponatremia?
- Weakness
- Muscle Cramps
- Twitching
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Postural Hypotension
- Lethary
- Ataxia
- Convulsions
- Cold, Clammy Skin
- Cyanosis
- Labs: Na <135; Urine SP- <1.010
-
What body composition is water in infants?
- 70-80%
- 3/4 total body weight
-
Colloids
- Contain protein or starch molecules which remain distributed in the extracellular space and do not form a true solution
- "Stay in the extracellular space for several days"
-
-
What is the treatment for Hyponatremia?
- Restrict PO Fluids
- Increase Dietary Sodium: salt, ham, pork, procssed/canned foods, pickles
- Measure I/O & daily weights
-
What are some causes of Hyperkalemia?
- Burns
- Transfusions
- Medications
-
Normal Lab Value:
Sodium (Na)
135-145
-
What 2 tests indicated a positive Hypocalcemia?
- Chvosteek's Sign: Facial Nerve
- Trosseau's Sign: Arm & BP cuff
-
What percent body composition is water in adults?
- 50-60%
- 2/3 total body weight
-
What are the signs and symtpoms of Hyperkalemia?
- Abdominal cramping
- EKG Changes- Peaked T waves
- Hypotension
- Muscle Weakness
- Irritability
-
What are the treatments for mild hyperkalemia?
- Medications (loop Diuretics)
- Dietary Restriction
-
Normal Lab Value:
Potassium (K)
3.5-5.0
-
Normal Lab Value:
Calcium (Ca)
8.5-10.5
-
Normal Lab Value:
Chloride (Cl)
100-106
-
Normal Lab Value:
Magnesium (Mg)
1.5-2.5
-
Normal Lab Value:
Phosphorus
2.5-4.5
-
IV Solution:
D10
Hypertonic Solution
-
Whats the treatment for moderate hyperkalemia?
- Hemodialysis
- Medications: Calcium Gluconate (IV) Sodium Bicarbonate (IV) Kayaxelate (PO)
-
2 Isotonic fluid types
- Normal Saline
- Lactated Ringers
-
When is the use of isotonic solutions indicated?
- Maintenance
- Replacement/restoration of fluids
-
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypernatremia?
- Pitting edema
- weight gain
- hypertension
- intense thirst
- agitation
- lethargy
- labs: > 145
-
what is the treatment for hypernatremia?
- Strict I/O
- Daily Weights **
- Diuretics
- Hypotonic IV solutions
-
-
-
What are 2 functions of IV solutions?
- Maintian fluid balance
- Restore Fluid Balance
-
Where are Isotonic Solutions found in the body after injected?
they stay in the ECF
-
Isotonic
- Osmolarity is equal to blood plasma
- "The Match"
- Stays in the ECF
-
What are the 3 basic types of IV solutions?
- Isotonic
- Hypotonic
- Hypertonic
-
IV Solution:
Normal Saline
Isotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
Lactated Ringers
Isotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
1/2 NS
Hyptonic Solution
-
What percent body composition is water in the elderly?
45-55%
-
IV Solution:
0.33% NS
Hypotonic Solution
-
When is an isotonic solution indicated?
- Fluid Maintenance
- Fluid replacement/restoration
-
Isotonic ("The Match")
osmolarity is equal to blood plasma
-
What are the causes of hypokalemia?
- starvation
- Intestinal losses
- Medications: corticosteroids, diuretics, certain antibiotics
-
IV solution:
D51/2NS
Hypertonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
D5LR
Hypertonic Solution
-
What are some causes of hypernatremia?
- Renal failure
- poor perfusion
- cirrhosis of the liver
- dehydration
- dibetes insipidus
- overproduction of aldosterone
-
what are the signs & symptoms of hypokalemia?
- Decrease/absent DTR
- Paralysis
- Weakness
- EKG Changes- Decrease in T waves
- Orthorstatic Hypotension
-
Factors that increase fluid needs:
- Fever
- Restlessness/Delirium
- High ambient temperatures
-
Factors that decrease fluid needs:
- Hypothermia
- High Humidity
- Increased Intracranial Pressure
- Decreased Level of Consciousness
-
IV Solution:
Lactated Ringers
Isotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
Ringer's Injection
Isotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
0.9% Sodium Chloride
Isotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
5% Albumin
Isotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
Hetastarch
Isotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
0.45% Sodium Chloride
Hypotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
0.33% Sodium Chloride
Hypotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
2.5% Dextrose in Water
Hypotonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
5% Dextrose in 0.45% Sodium Chloride
Hypertonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
5% Dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride
Hypertonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringers
Hypertonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
3% Sodium Chloride
Hypertonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
25% Albumin
Hypertonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
7.5% Sodium Chloride
Hypertonic Solution
-
IV Solution:
5% Dextrose in Water (**D5W**)
- Isotonic Solution
- ** Acts like a hypotonic Solution**
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