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what breed is known for maxillary prognathism?
thoroughbred
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what is campylorrhinus?
wry face (difficult to nurse)
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how should umbilical hernias be managed?
usually close on their own but measure regularly
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what is the most common angular limb deformity in foals?
carpal valgus
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what is expected neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio?
>2.5:1
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what is expected ALP? GGT?
- ALP: hi while growing
- GGT: not incr. from colostrum like cows
- GGT elevates w/GI ulcers
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what is expected creatinine in foals?
foal 1.5x greater at birth then decreases to normal within 48 hours
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what is expected USG in foals?
hyposthenuria from milk diet
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what is the epinichium?
angel slippers
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what should foal do when born?
- sit sternal in few minutes
- suckle w/in 30 minutes
- stand w/in hour
- nurse mare w/in 2 hours
- *failure to stand w/in 3 hours = ABnormal*
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Brood mares are vaccinated routinely throughout gestation for what?
- EHV-1 (7, 9, 10 months)
- EEE/WEE/tetanus
- WNV
- Rabies
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does foal get antibodies from mare in utero?
no, completely separate
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what breeds are associated with poor Ab w/in colostrum?
arab > QH > TB/SB
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what effect can fescue toxicity have on milk?
agalactia
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T or F: a good suckle does not ensure adequate IgG?
true, apparently healthy mare may not have good colostrum
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how much colostrum per kg of body wt should be ingested?
1g/BW (usu. 1-2 L quality colostrum)
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what should specific gravity of colostrum be? how is this measured?
- 1.060 = 30g/1L IgG
- colostrometer
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what is best way to administer colostrum if can't get it from mare?
nasogastric tube
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what is the average gestation length?
340 d
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what are signs the mare is near parturition?
- perineum relaxes
- mammary gland engorges
- waxing of teats
- milk electrolytes
- fetal heart rate (60-90)
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which milk electrolyte peaks reliably 72 hours before parturition?
Ca spike
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what are signs of stage 1 parturition? what is stage 2?
- 1: restless
- 2: ruptured chorioallantois until foal delivered
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Stage 3 is delivery of placenta. What should you do if placenta is hanging but not fully detached?
gather it up/tie at hock level so it will come out on its own
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what type of placenta?
diffuse epithelial microcotyledonary
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what is the "red velvet" micro villi part of placenta?
chorion - attached to mare
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which part of placenta should be presented at parturition?
amnion (fetal side)
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what is most common cause of placentitis?
- ascending infection from urogenital tract - bacterial
- (hematogenous possible
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What is normal combined thickness of uterus and placenta?
- should be less than 10mm
- (placentitis when >12mm)
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how can maternal progestins be used to determine placentitis?
progesterone drops dramatically 1-2 days prior to parturition but if drops early, can indication impending abortion/placentitis
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how is placentitis treated?
- systemic Abs - broad spectrum
- NSAIDs (red. prostaglandins)
- progesterone (regumate)
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If placentitis therapy not working and abortion seems inevitable, why would you give steroids?
hopefully accelerate fetal development
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which is more vigorous at birth: foal born early to placentitis or foal born as hypoxic event?
more vigorous with placentitis
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what is mare at risk for if retains placenta past 3 hours?
- endotoxemia
- laminitis
- metritis
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how is retained placenta treated?
- uterine lavage
- weigh placenta
- Abs
- anti-inflammatories for endotoxemia
- cryotherapy for laminitis
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what are some viral causes of abortion? parasites?
- EHV1 (late), EVA (any time)
- babesia/piraplasmosis, neorickettsia
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what is a common, noninfectious cause of abortion? how is this treated?
- twinning (esp. TB)
- pinch one before day 16
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when does uterine torsion occur? cranial or caudal to cervix?
- mid-late gestation
- cranial to cervix
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how is uterine torsion diagnosed? treated?
- rectal exam
- -flank laparotomy standing if <10 mo
- -ventral celiotomy
- -roll the mare
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what are some complications associated with uterine torsion?
- rupture, ischemia
- GI complications
- abortion
- failure to return to reproductive soundness
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when does large colon volvulus occur related to parturition?
- 30days prior
- or 60 days after
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what is recurrence rate of large colon volvulus in the brood mare?What is prognosis for reproductive soundness following large colon volvulus?
- 15% (even after colopexy, colonic resection)
- good
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which vessel is most associated with peri-parturient hemorrhage?
- middle uterine artery rupture
- -if bleed into broad ligament = hematoma
- -bleed into peritoneum = hemoabdomen
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how does mare present w/peri-parturient hemorrhage?
- lethargic/colic (maybe severe)
- anxious/frantic
- tachycardia, pale mm, poor jugular fill
- may die acutely
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how is peri-parturient hemorrhage treated?
- quiet environment/may need AceP
- controlled hypotension (60mmHg)
- prothrombotics = aminocaproic acid
- antifibrinolytics like formalin
- *leave foal w/mare*
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what is likelihood for reproductive soundness after PPH?
only 49% sound
-
what is the difference between position, presentation, and posture?
- position: foal direction (feet first)
- presentation: foal related to mare dorsum (dorso-sacral)
- posture: foal position (contracted tendons, twisted neck)
-
what can you give to facilitate vaginal exam of dystocia?
- xylazine (fast acting; fewer SE on foal than detomedine)
- buscapan (para-lytic)
- epidural quickly (lidocaine)
-
what is controlled vaginal delivery?
GA then lift hind limbs of mare - retropulsion of foal - correct position - deliver
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