ES 106 M2

CHLORINE

THERMOCLINE

Because the areas are really dry outside the equator.

Salinity and temperature (the greatest influence)

• Surface mixed zone
• Transition zone
• Deep zone
• Ocean floor

• between surface layer and deep zone
• Thermocline and pynocline

• sunlight never reaches this zone
• Temperatures are just a few degrees above freezing
• Constant high density water

2 beers put together one with lighter density and one with a heavier density

High Salinity & low temperatures

• Marine algae
• Plants
• Bacteria
• Bacteria- like archaea

• chemical energy stored in the mass of the ocean's algae is transferred to the animal community mostly through feeding
• Each feeding stage is a trophic level

No only about 2% transfer between organisms

• Bottom dwellers
• A great number of species exist on the shallow coastal floor
• Most live in perpetual darkness in deep water

Lower Latitudes

Decreases surface seawater salinity because the ic that melts contains less salt than the water in which it originally formed.

• 1. Light Availability
• 2. Distance From the Shore
• 3. Water depth

• without sunlight
• Deep ocean

• Aphotic
• Neritic
• Pelagic

• Photosynthesis (solar radiation)
• Chemosynthesis (chemical reactions)

Temperate regions

• North Pacific
• South Pacific
• North Atlantic
• South Atlantic
• Indian Ocean

an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (theCoriolis force) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. On the earth, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather systems.

Only works on large systems. The design of the sink has more of an effect then the Coriolis effect does.

Move surface water off shore

the distance between a trough and a crest

The horizontal distance between successive crests (or troughs)

the time interval for one full wave to a pass a fixed position

Area of ocean or lake surface over which the wind blows in an essentially constant direction, thus generating waves. Wave get no bigger with fetch greater then 1600 km (1000miles)

• Wave impact and pressure
• Break down rock material and supplies sand to beaches
• Abrasion- sawing and grinding action of water armed wit rock fragments

The Pacific Ocean

• Bending of a wave
• Wave arrives parallel to shore
• Results
•      Wave energy is concentrated against the     side and end of headland
•      Wave erosion straightens an irregular shoreline

A ridge of sand extending from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay with an end that often hooks landward

a sand bar that completely crosses a bay

A ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland.

• Mainly along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains
• Parallel to the Coast

• longshore model (severed spit)
• Storm sand mound model
• Rising Sea level moel

The land area that contributes to a stream.

The Mississippi River

The slope of a stream; generally measure in feet per mile

decreases from the head of the mouth.

• Shape
• Size
• Roughness

At the bottom of the river

will wear away faster

• • Dendritic
• • Radial
• • Rectangular
• • Trellis

The nature of drainage pattern can vary greatly from one type of terrain to another, primary in response to the kinds of rock on which the streams developed or the structural pattern of faults and folds.

• - Dissolved load
• • Suspended load
• • Bed load

Sand, silt, clay

The speed needs to slow down and whatever is in the water will be deposited on the shore

Transportation of sediment through a series of leaps and bounds.

Unconsolidated sediment deposited by a stream.

An accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean

Form where sediment-sharged streams enter the relatively still waters of a lake, an inland sea, or ocean.

It has moved over time

The elevated landforms that parallel some streams and act to confine their water, except during flood stage.

The flat, low-lying portion of a stream valley subject to periodic inundation.

The level below which a stream cannot erode.

Defined as the lowest elevation to which a stream can erode its channel. Essentially this is the level at which the mouth of a stream enters the ocean, a lake or another stream. BAse level accounts for the fact that most stream profiles have low gradients near their mouths, because the streams are approaching the elevation below which they cannot erode their beds.

A loop like bend in he course of a stream.

Yes, the migrate across floodplains

A curved lake produced when a stream cuts of a meander

• A complex network of converging and diverging channels that thread their way among numerous islands or gravels bars and look to be interwoven. Wide and Narrow.
• Form where a large proportion of the stream's load consists of coarse material (sand and gravel)

• Water in the zone of saturation.
• Important because it holds most of the water we need to drink.

• Unsaturated zone

• • Pore spaces in the material are filled mainly with
• air

Zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water.

The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater

barriers built at a right angle to the beach that are designed to trap sand

barriers built off shore and parallel to the coast to protect boats from breaking waves

Armors the coast against the force of breaking waves

Protects a shipping channel from waves energy and keeps longshore current from filling the channel with sand

The volume of open spaces in rock or soil.

A measure of a material's ability to transmit water.

Rocks or soil through which groundwater moves easily.

Impermeable beds that hinder or prevent groundwater movement.

A well in which the water rises above the level where it was initially encountered.

• Treating it as a nonrenewable resource
• Land subsidence
• Caused by its withdrawal
• Contamination

70%

30

• Northern Hemisphere= Land
• Southern Hemisphere= Water

There are five ocean basins. These basins are the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean basin

1872-1876, The first major oceanographic study. Went every major ocean except the Arctic. Ocean depths by dropping a weighted line.

• Drillings started in the 60's/
• Allowed us to get rock samples from ocean depths.

• Features comprising a passive continental margin. 
• Found along most coastal areas that surround the Atlantic Ocean.

• Continental slope descends abruptly into a deep-ocean trench
• Located primarily around the Pacific Ocean
• Accumulations of deformed sediment and scraps of ocean crust form accretionary wedges
• Some subduction zones have little or no accumulation of sediments

• 2 types 
• Passive and Active

Some areas are mantled by extensive glacial deposits. Most consist of thick accumulations of shallow water sediments.

• Marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf
• Relatively steep structure
• Boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust.

The gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope.

Very level area of the deep-ocean floor usually lying at the foot of the continental rise

A cone-shaped deposit at the base of the continental slope. The sediment is transported to the fan by turbidity currents that follow submarine canyons.

A seaward extension of a valley that was cut on the continental shelf during a time when sea level was lower, or a canyon carved into the outer continental shelf slope, and rise by turbidity.

An elongated depression in the seafloor produced by bending of oceanic crust during subduction.

The gentle sloping  portion of the continental margin, extending from the shoreline to the continental slope. 

part of the continental crust.

They are shallow enough to allow sunlight to reach the bottom, and are the recipients of nutrient-rich sediments from the adjacent

• Downslope movements of dense, sediment-laden water
• Deposits are called turbidites

An isolated volcanic peak that rises at least 1000 meters above the deep ocean floor.

A submerged flat-topped seamount

A continuous or broken ring of coral reef surrounding a central lagoon.

Seafloor sediments derived from terrestrial weathering and erosion.

Seafloor sediments consisting of material of marine-organic origin.

Seafloor sediments consisting of minerals that crystallize from seater. An important example is manganese Modules.

• Total amount of solid material dissolved in water.
• Typically expressed in parts-per-thousand.

35%

Sodium chloride

• Rapid decrease in temperature with depth
• Found in lower latitudes but not Higher

• is mass per unit volume
• how heavy something is for its size

• Salinity
• Temperature

Density increases rapidly with depth because of colder water

Seen in lower latitudes but not higher latitudes

• Surface mixed zone (2%)
• Transition Zone (18%)
• Deep zone (80%)
• Ocean floor

Floaters on the ocean

• all animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents
• They are unable to move throughout the breadth of the ocean.

• Bottom dwellers
• A great number of species exist on the shallow coastal floor
• Most live in perpetual darkness in deep water

zooplankton eat phytoplankton

• Flood current (advances into the coastal zone)
• Ebb current (seaward moving water)

area where land and ocean meet and overlap

Seaward from the low tide line, the continental shelf out to the shelf break (90% of commercial fisheries work here)

Beyond the continental shelf (relatively low nutrients)

• The light zone
• upper part of the ocean
• sunlit
• Euphoric zone is near the surface where the light is strong

near the surface where the light is strong

• Deep ocean
• no sunlight

open ocean of any depth

zone includes any sea-bottom surface

• a subdivision of the benthic zone
• Deep 
• Extremely high water pressure
• Low temperatures

Nutrients and Sunlight

The thermocline eliminates the supply of nutrients from deeper waters below

Low solar energy limits photosynthetic productivity

Temperate oceans

• Temperature
• Humidity 
• Cloudiness
• Precipitation 
• Air pressure
• Winds speed and direction

Spring and Fall

Nitrogen (78%)

Chemical energy stored in the mass of the ocean's algae is transferred to the animal community mostly through feeding. 

Transfere of energy between trophic levels is very inefficient (about 2%)

a spiral a vortex

any large system of rotating ocean currents. Caused by the Coriolis Effect, planetary vorticity and horizontal and vertical friction.

• Deflected to the right
• Deflected to the Left

As Earth rotates different latitudes travel at different speeds. The change in speed with latitude causes the Coriolis effect.

There are Four main current's that generally exist within each gyre.

Longshore drift currents

• The rising of cold water from deeper layers. 
• Brings greater concentrations of dissolved nutrients to the ocean surface.

A response to density differences

Temperature and salinity

the desner water moves lower and travels the world.

Off shore, Nearshore,Foreshore, backshore, Coastline,Coast

The foreshore

As the water’s energy moves forward toward the shore and the depth decreases, the diameter of these circular patterns also decreases. When the diameter decreases, the patterns become elliptical and the entire wave’s speed slows. Because waves move in groups, they continue arriving behind the first and all of the waves are forced closer together since they are now moving slower. They then grow in height and steepness. When the waves become too high relative to the water’s depth, the wave’s stability is undermined and the entire wave topples onto the beach forming a breaker.

Because thats where the energy has to stop

• The process by which the portion of a wave in shallow water slows, causing the wave to bend and tend to align itself with the underwater contours.
• irregular shoreline create headlands

• The transport of sediment in a zig zag pattern along a beach caused by the uprush of water from obliquely breaking waters.
• Transports important sediments

• The movement of the fine suspended sand and roll larger sand and gravel along the bottom. 
• Important because creates good quality sand. 
• Creates a spit

types of rocks exposed along the shore, the intensity of waves, the nature of coastal currents, ad whether the coast is stable, sinking or rising.

A coast where where land that was formerly below seas level has been exposed either because of crustal uplift or a drop in sea level or both.

A coast with a form that is largely the result of the partial drowning of a former land surface either because of a rise of seas level or subsidence of the crust or both.

Periodic change in the elevation of he ocean surface.

• Highest tidal range that occurs near the times of the new and full moons. 
• Happens when the earth and sun and moon are aligned

• Lowest tidal range, occurring near the times of the first-and-third quarter phases of the moon.
• Occurs when the moon and the sun act on earth at right angles and each paritally off sets the influences of the other.

In Nova scotia the high tide is more then enough to float a boat while low tide there is not a drop of water. Shows that the extremes of tides are different everywhere.

a tidal pattern exhibiting one high tide and one low tide during a tidal day: a daily tide

A tidal pattern exhibiting two high tides and two low tides per tidal day with small inequalities between successive highs and successive lows; a semi-daily tide.

A tidal pattern exhibiting two high tides and two tides per tidal day with a large inequality in high water heights, low water heights or both. Coastal locations that experience such a tidal pattern may also show alternating periods of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal patterns also called mixed semidiurnal.

• different orientation to the sun and moon at different times. 
• Different amounts of energy coming in from the waves

• Weather is constantly changing while climate is the average. 
• Climate more specifically is the sum of a ll statistical weather information that helps describe a place or region.

• Temperature, time of the year. 
• Weather is a daily measure and climate in an accumulation of many different days of weather.

Nitrogen

20.946%

.0389% or 389ppm

Varies from almost none to 4% by volume

• Tiny Solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere.
• Works on surfaces which water can then condense on, can absorb,reflect and scatter incoming solar radiation. 
• Also creates the colors in a sunset.

A molecule of oxygen containing three oxygen atoms.

Absorb ultra violet rays from the sun

stratosphere, about 15-30 kilometers above the Earth's surface

The force exerted by the weights of a column of air above a given point.

The higher up you are, the less air pressure.

• 1013.2 millibars
• 29.92 inches of Mercury

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere

troposphere

troposphere

Yes on long flights

• Result of Changing Sun angle (not distance)
• Changing length of daylight

• June 21-22 Summer Solstice (Longest Day of the year for N. Hemisphere)
• Winter Solstice Dec 21-22 (shortest day for N. Hemisphere)

Equinox

• Cancer 23 degrees above equator
• Capricorn below the equator

Polar region receive less intensive solar radiation because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.

• Conduction-solids
• Convection-fluids
• Radiation-through a vacuum (the way we get heat from the sun and atmosphere)

Governed by basic laws

Short radiation

The green house affect works like a glass ceiling keeping all chemicals inside. Without this we can not survive because it would let out to many chemicals and let in more radiations from the sun.

• Scattering
• Reflection
• Clouds

• Reflectivity
• The more reflective something is the more albedo it has

50%

The town in the middle of a continent will have more extremes because it will trap the heat in and make it hotter and also trap in the cold and make it colder. A seashore has more moderate temperatures because the ocean can reflect away the cold and heat. The  ocean is a moderator

Continents

• Clouds reduce the daily temperature and create the coldest nights.
• They are blankets, the keep the heat in at night but keep the sun out during the day

Blue Flame

• Altitude
• Geographic position
• Cloud cover
• Albedo