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What is a nutritional strategy?
Matching between the foods that an animal selects and its digestive and metabolic capabilities.
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What is a digestive strategy?
Anatomical, enzymatic, and microbial capacity of an animal.
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What are some important properties of food? What do they determine?
- Nutrient content
- Moisture
- Physical aspects: size, texture, etc.
- Fiber
- Microbial promoting or inhibiting properties
- Toxins
Palatibility
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How do some plants promote feeding?
Provide nutritional rewards for services (pollen and seed transport, elimination of pests) provided by the consuming animal
- Nectar, fruits, exudates
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How do most plants avoid being eaten?
- Physical (nutrient storage organs underground, tough fibrous husks, thorns, lignification)
- and chemical defenses
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Blood is...
Mostly fat and protein
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Soft invertebrates are...
Mostly fat and protein
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Shelled invertebrates are...
Chitin, protein, and fat
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Vertebrate skin is mostly...(1)
Flesh (2)
Cartilage (3)
Bone (4)
- 1. Protein
- 2. Protein and fat
- 3. Minerals
- 4. Minerals
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Proximate components...
separate food into fractions; what does not burn is ash
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How does the food quality of invertebrates change with age?
Increased chitin
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How does the food quality of vertebrates change with age?
- Decrease in protein and water
- Increase in fat and connective tissue
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How does the food quality of plants change with age?
- Decrease in protein and soluble fiber
- Increase in cellulose, lignin, and toxins
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How do ecologists classify food consumption?
Based on trophic level:
- - Primary consumer
- - Secondary consumer
- - Tertiary consumer
- - Carrion feeder
- - Coprophagous
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How do nutritionists classify food consumption?
Based on food characteristics consumed by adults
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A generalist feeder is called...
An omnivore
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A specialist feeder is called...
An oligovore
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An animal that specializes in animal matter is called...
A faunivore
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An animal that specializes in invertebrates is called...
A microfaunivore
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An animal that specializes in insects is called...
Insectivore
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An animal that specializes in ants is called...
A myrmecovore
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An animal that specializes in crustaceans is called...
A crustacivore
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An animal that specializes in molluscs is called...
A molluscivore
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An animal that specializes in zooplankton is called...
A planktonivore
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An animal that specializes in vertebrates is called...
A macrofaunivore
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An animal that specializes in fish is called...
A piscivore
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An animal that specializes in birds is called...
An avivore
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An animal that specializes in blood is called...
A sanguinivore
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An animal that specializes in plant matter is called...
A florivore
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What are the three types of florivores? Give an example of each.
- 1. Grazers or roughage feeders (Sheep, cattle)
- 2. Intermediate feeders (Goat, red deer)
- 3. Browsers (white-tailed deer)
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An animal that specializes in herbs and forbs is called...
An herbivore
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An animal that specializes in leaves, shoots, petioles, and buds is called...
A folivore
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An animal that specializes in grasses is called...
A graminivore
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An animal that specializes in fungi is called...
A mycovore
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An animal that specializes in lichens is called...
A lichenivore
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An animal that specializes in mosses is called...
A bryophytivore
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An animal that specializes in seaweed is called...
A fucivore
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An animal that specializes in moist fruits is called...
A frugivore
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An animal that specializes in hard seeds and nuts is called...
A granivore
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An animal that specializes in exudates is called...
An exudativore
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An animal that specializes in nectar is called...
A nectivore
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A monophagous animal
Has complete reliance on one food item and is difficult to maintain in captivity.
Ex: Pandas, snail kite
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A polyphagous animal
Consumes many food items
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In an obligate feeding strategy...
There is little change throughout seasons or life stages
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In a facultative feeding strategy...
There are major changes in diet throughout the season
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