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What are changes (over time) in the characteristics of a population?
evolution
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What are some parts to animals that aren't used as much as in earlier generations?
- ostrich wings
- wisdom teeth, tailbone
- snake legs
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What was the thought before evolution?
each life form was created at some point in the past and never changed afterward
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What was the order that Aristotle placed organisms in called?
"ladder of nature"
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What is the belief that all organisms were created simultaneously by God and that each life-form stayed the same from that point?
creationism
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What are some reasons why there were changes in scientific thought?
- world explanation showed large diversity
- patterns were noticed in wildlife
- species were noted that had very few differences
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What was the theory that said a few founder species were created, and all other species branched off of them?
LeClerc's theory
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What helped provide evidence for evolution?
discovery of fossils
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What is it when a species has no more living members?
extinction
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What is it when a great number of species were originally created, and catastrophes gradually destroyed some of the species?
catastrophism
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What theory helped maintain creationism and the great flood as part of the story?
catastrophism
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How was the very old age of the Earth discovered?
by looking at sediment layers--they saw how long they took to form, and they saw how many layers there were
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After evolution was accepted, what was the next step?
to determine its cause
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What was the theory that said that organisms could pass down improvements made by use or disuse of parts?
Lamarck Theory
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Who came up with the idea of natural selection?
- Charles Darwin
- Alfred Wallace
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What was Darwin's actual discovery?
he proposed a mechanism for evolution (natural selection)
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What are the four postulates on population (1 species in a given area)?
- 1-individual members of a population differ from one another in many ways
- 2-some differences between members of a population may be able to be passed from parent to offspring
- 3-in each generation, some individuals survive and reproduce successfully, others do not
- 4-survival of an individual is not due to luck or chance, but is due to its characteristics
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What shows improvements over ancestors?
comparing anatomy over time
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What are structures that have the similar appearance, but now have different functions and modifications?
Examples?
- homologous structures
- limbs of mammals, wings of birds
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What are parts on their way out?
Examples?
- evolutionary baggage
- bat teeth, whale pelvis
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What are structures that have similar organs from common ancestry?
Example?
- analogous structures
- wings-birds vs insects
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What look very similar, but look much different as they grow?
embryos of vertebrates
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What is a powerful tool in telling how closely related organisms are?
DNA
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What are two types forms of evidence of natural selection?
- artificial selection
- evidence seen in experiments
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What is it if the same antibiotic is used too frequently, it increases the chances for resistance to develop?
antibiotic resistance
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