Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.
D) Porphyria
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
B) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
B) external root sheath
Acne is a disorder associated with ________.
A) sebaceous glands
The dermis ________.
D) has two layers
Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?
D) arrector pili
If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?
A) lucidum
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?
C) Meissner's corpuscles
Melanocytes ________.
B) are spidery-shaped cells in contact with cells in the stratum basale
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?
A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?
B) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.
A) resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
Vernix caseosa is a ________.
A) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands
The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax.
C) ceruminous
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.
C) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
A) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
The epidermis is responsible for protecting the body against invasion of bacteria and other foreign agents primarily because it is composed of ________.
B) four different cell shapes found in five distinct layers, each cell shape with a special function
Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because ________.
C) they produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
A) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
A) stratum basale
The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?
A) macrophages called Langerhans' cells
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
D) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
C) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
D) the reticular layer
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?
D) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:
C) dermal papillae.
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
C) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?
A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
A Langerhans' cell is a ________.
C) specialized phagocytic cell
The most important factors influencing hair growth are ________.
C) nutrition and hormones
Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are?
D) Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
C) eccrine and apocrine
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
C) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
A) in the axillary and anogenital area
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
B) by hormones, especially androgens
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
B) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
D) by using the "rule of nines"
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
C) catastrophic fluid loss
Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.
D) male hormones
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.
D) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. True or False
True
Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges. True or False
False; papillary
The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis. True or False
True
The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath. True or False
True
The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen. True or False
False; keratin
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn. True or False
False; second-degree
Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil. True or False
False; sebaceous (oil) gland
The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle. True or False
False; eponychium
The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis. True or False
False; capillaries underneath
During the resting phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies. True or False
True
The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. True or False
True
The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin. True or False
False;
The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers. True or False
True
The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue. True or False
False; mostly adipose
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color. True or False
True
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated. True or False
False;
Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes. True or False
True
Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands. True or False
False; apocrine
The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft. True or False
False; stratum granulosum
The dermis has a connective tissue and adipose layer that loosely binds the body together. True or False
False; dense irregular and areolar connective tissue
Incisions should be made across rather than parallel to cleavage lines produced by collagen fiber bundles. True or False
False; parallel
The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis. True or False
True
Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle. True or False
True
When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third of the body. True or False
False; extends through entire dermis
Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures. True or False
True
Cradle cap in infants is called ________.
seborrhea
The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________.
lunula
The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum ________.
granulosum
The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.
arrector pili
A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appears almost metallic bronze, it may be the result of ________ disease.
Addison's
The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair.
terminal
________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis.
second degree
________ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis.
Melanocytes
The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet.
lucidium
The dermis is composed of the reticular and ________ layers.
