history test

The enlightenment movement was a broad international
movement with many of its leading thinkers being French

The enlightenment Thinkers as collectively known as the

They believed that people thought their reason could be used
to revel the natural laws that regulated human affairs

Once the natural laws were discovered the institution of
society could be reformed to bring them more in accordance with the natural
order

In addition to their emphasis on rationalism the _ believed
that human beings were basically good but had been corrupt by society

Wrote progress of the human mind

The two works published in 1690 _ provided England’s
glorious revolution of 1688 which resulted in the overflow of king James 11

Essay concerning human understanding he advanced the theory
of tabula rose where he believed at birth every human’s mind is a blank page
and all knowledge comes from experience

In his treatise of tolerance Voltaire urged for the
overturning of jean Calais a French Huguenot who allegedly murdered his son in
order to prevent his conversion to Catholicism conviction was reversed in 1765

Emile(1762) contains _ideas on education, emile has two
heroes, _, the teacher, and emile , his pupil emile learns from direct
experience rather than books

“all men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains”

“It was the idea that although gov’t restricted individual
freedom, it was nevertheless a necessary evil, there would be less evil if
gov’t and individual liberty could be reconciled”

He did not favor Democracy he believed that sovereignty
resides with all people

Believed there was no single idea political system

“Different systems were appropriate for different people,
depending on the size of the area to be governed, its population, its economic
system, and its social and religious traditions”

Sets forth the concept of the separation of powers between
the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the gov’t

His ideas influenced writers of the constitution as well as
the French constitution of 1791

Enlightenment economic thought was basically laissez faire,
laissez passer it was the belief that the economy would be left free to
regulate itself by its own natural laws

They repudiated mercantilism which was the prevailing
doctrine and instead emphasized state regulation of economic activity

Is one who advocated the doctrine of “Laissez-faire”Quesnay
was the leading physicocrat was biologist and physician to king Louis xv and
his mistress Madame de pompadour

Stressed that land was the only source of wealth and that
trade should be free of control he state should establish only one tax and it
should be derived from land

Scottish economist

18th century’s most influential advocate of
laissez-faire economics

Wrote the Wealth of Nations(1776)in it he stressed that a
nation’s wealth was based on its production of goods by its farmers, artisans,
and factory workers

“The state should content itself with being a passive
policemen”

Italian aristocrat

Advanced his proposals for bringing law and justice into
conformity with rational law of nature

Barvarous punishment failed to deter crimes: the certainty
of punishment was a far more effective deterrent than its severity

He believed further that justice should be swift and that
punishment should focus on the rehabilitation of the criminal

Virtually all the important French philosophers, including
Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu, were among the some 160 contrivutors to
the

Encyclopedia was edited by

The Encyclopedia was both a compilation of knowledge and?

The first 20 volumes of the Encyclopedia were published
between? 5 additional volumes appeared in

Humanity must always be striving to improve or make progress

Knowledge was thought of as a “Cleanser” that could wash
away people’s supersititions which were caused by ignorance

In order to improve, humanity must have a sense of the
environment surrounding them and the ability to be able to manipulate that
environment

Believed in a creator that made the universe and created all
the rules of nature who then stepped back from human affairs and let the
earth/universe run itself

View of the universe as a clock with all its components
being the rules of nature, and God or the creator as the clockmaker

Teach to question authority no matter what the cost

Believed that a just society depends on tolerance and that
humanity could not make any progress without it

Believed that tolerance would lessen the impact of religion
on people’s lives

Born in France in 1712

Ran away from home occupied many positions making a name for
himself in 1754 when he wrote an essay contest called the discourse on
inequality

It outlined his famous theories which include the social
contract between the governed and the authority and the idea of the noble
savage

The idea of the _ _ is at the heart of Rousseau’s ideas
about how government should be run

Saw government at the time as a tool that was used to make
individuals give up their right and the authority

Believed that upper classes had tricked society into
thinking that they were above everyone else and so installed inequality
permanently in our society

The only way to improve society was in giving individuals
their rights back riding society of inequality and reforming it

Government should not be a dictatorship rather a tool used
to protect individuals rights

Man is born free but everywhere is in chains

If the authority does not fulfill its side of the contract
The governed would have full rights to rebel and oust the authority from its
position of power