What are some things that are associated with PUD?
"CHENS"
Corticosteroids
H. pylori
EtOH
NSAIDS
Smoking
What are Curling's Ulcers?
Ulcers in the duodenum caused by burns; decreased plasma volume (blood flow) to stomach results in ischemia–sloughing of gastric cells results
curling iron = burn
What are Cushing's ulcers?
Ulcers caused by brain injury...
↑ICP → vagal stimulation → ↑gastric acid
What are some complications of PUD?
Hemorrhage
Obstruction
Perforation
What causes GERD?
↓ LES tone
fatty foods, smoking, obesity, alcohol, meds, immaturity of LES in infants, neurological disease (CP), things that delay gastric emptying (pyloric stenosis, hiatal hernias)
What are S&S of GERD?
esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus),
pain, ulcerations, obstructions (stricture)
Is GERD common in infancy?
Yes
What children suffer more complications with GERD, such as esophagitis, malnutrition, and respiratory problems?
Those with neurologic disorders
T/F: You want to feed a child with GERD more volume less often.
False. Small frequent feeds of thickened formula are recommended.
Regarding Crohn's & UC, which one is primarily of the rectum or sigmoid?
UC
large intestine is typically the only affected site
Regarding Crohn's and UC, which one can affect any part of the GI tract (from mouth to anus)
Crohn's
The pathophysiology of Crohn's & UC involves:
D) all of the above
Granulomas (inflammed cells that become lumped together to form a lesion) are present in _______
Crohn's disease
In ___________ the ulceration is deeper and may extend into all the layers of the bowel wall.
Crohn's disease
In ulcerative colitis, these ulcers do not extend beyond this inner lining of the large intestine
In ______, narrowed lumen and obstruction are not uncommon complications. These conditions are less frequently found in cases of ______.
In Crohn's disease, narrowed lumen and obstruction are not uncommon complications. These conditions are less frequently found in cases of ulcerative colitis.
Ulcerative colitis has a genetic link to:
HLA DR2
genetic link to these is found in ______:
HLA DR1 and
HLA-DQw5 alleles,
IBD1 locus on chromosome 16,
NOD2 mutations,
chromosome 5q (IBD5), IBD3
Ulcerative colitis
Which disease (UC vs. Crohn's) has continuous
involvement of the colon, beginning with the rectum
UC
What is hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver due to drugs, toxins like Etoh & bacterial or viral infections
What is another name for Hepatitis B Virus?
Serum Hepatitis
How is serum hepatitis / HBV transmitted?
infected blood, sex, needles, rectal
What disease is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
HBV/"Serum Hepatitis"
Is there a vaccine for Hep B?
yes
This disease is an abnormal immune response to otherwise normal intestinal flora:
Crohn's Disease
High V/Q is...
Dead space
(V/Q > 0.9)
Low V/Q is...
Shunt
(V/Q < 0.8)
Relating to V/Q, supplemental oxygen is relatively ineffective for...
low V/Q - aka shunt
(V/Q < 0.8)
What are some early responses for asthma?
Release of mediators (induce bronchospasm, edema, mucous secretion)
IgE binding to antigen - first 15 minutes
Mast cell degranulation - first 15 minutes
(causes)
When does the epithelial damage of asthma occur?
4-8 hours to days after exposure
What do mast cells release?
histamine, leukotrienes, interleukins, and prostaglandins
Late responses of asthma...
epithelial damage
inflammatory changes
(effects)
How much fluid is normally between the visceral and parietal plura?
3-4 teaspoons
T/F: All pleural effusions cause symptoms.
False.
What is a Chylothorax?
pleural effusion caused by lymph fluid
"direct extravasation"
How does malignancy cause pleural effusion?
incrased capillary permeability due to obstruction
T/F: Rheumatoid arthritis can be a cause of pleural effusion
True
T/F: Tuberculosis can be a cause of pleural effusion.
True
How does CHF lead to pleural effusion?
↑ hydrostatic pressure
What is the normal V/Q ratio?
0.8-0.9
Describe the patho of ARDS leading to pulmonary edema.
endothelial damage → inflammation →
↑ capillary permeability → PE & lung hemorrhage
What is the less severe form of ARDS called?
ALI (acute lung injury)
T/F: ARDS is life threatening and often lethal.
True. By definition, it is a serious condition (the less acute version is called ALI).
Mechanical ventilation and critical care are usually required.
90% death rate in untreated patients
50% death rate in treated patients
Inflammation of ARDS is a problem because
gas exchange impairment, hypoxemia
ARDS is a condition that affects only the lungs.
False. It can result in multiple organ failure
Is the cause of ARDS direct or indirect?
could be both
ie - trauma, infection
What are some inflammatory processes related to ARDS?
Complement activation
Platelet aggregation
Release of neutrophil mediators
What type of WBC is activated in ARDS?
neutrophil
activated neutrophils release a variety of products that damage the alveolar cells and lead to edema, surfactant inactivation, and formation of a hyaline membrane.
What are the 3 stages or ARDS?
1. Exudative stage
2. Fibroproliferative stage
3. Resolution & Recovery
Describe the Exudative stage of ARDS. When does it begin?
Characterized by accumulation of excessive fluid, protein and inflammatory cells in that alveoli from the capillaries.
The exudative phase unfolds over the first 2 to 4 days after onset of lung injury.
Describe the Fibroproliferative stage of ARDS.
Connective tissue and other structural elements in the lungs proliferate in response to the initial injury. Under a microscope, lung tissue appears densely cellular.
Also, at this stage, there is a danger of pneumonia, sepsis, and rupture of the
lungs causing leakage of air into surrounding areas.
How long can lung function improve in the resolution and recovery stage of ARDS?
6-12 months, or longer
This layer of lung tissue wraps directly around the lung.
visceral pleura
This layer of lung tissue is closest to the outer chest wall.
Parietal pleura
What does MODS always involve?
inflammatory mediators which damage endothelium throughout the body
(cytokines such as TNF, IL1, endotoxins from gram negative bacterial infection)
What is MODS?
Progressive dysfunction of 2 or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to severe illness or injury
The "respiratory failure" stage of MODS occurs when?
first 72 hours
The "liver failure" stage of MODS occurs when?
5-7 days
The "GI bleeding" stage of MODS occurs when?
10-15 days
The "kidney failure" stage of MODS occurs when?
11-17 days
Is MODS a primary or a secondary disease?
can be either
Which organs are most commonly involved in MODS?
lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys
MODS used to be called
MOF (multiple organ failure)
What systems are activated in MODS?
kinin
complement
coagulation
fibrinolytic
DIC may occur
What is a proposed cause of MODS?
gram - bacteria
ischemia and structure changes → gut permeability → gram – escapes from gut and runs rampant
What WBCs are involved in MODS?
neutrophils - they are attracted to the damaged endothelium
What is released from damaged endothelial cells and what does it do?
nitric oxide - it increases permeability and causes vascular leakage
What ultimately leads to the organ failure in MODS?
acidosis and uneven distribution of blood flow
What is the treatment for MODS?
supportive...ventilation, fluid/electrolyte balance, control infection, TPN...
What type of genetic transmission occurs in CF?
autosomal recessive
T/F: CF is a rare disease.
False, it is common. 1000 new cases are diagnosed each year.
Which disease has the manifestation of "salty sweat?"
results in chloride ion channel problem: defective chloride ion secretion with excessive sodium and water absorption
What are the manifestations of CF?
thick & viscid respiratory tract secretions
micro-environment protects microbial agents
defective mucociliary clearance
neutrophil influx with release of elastase & inflammatory mediators
chronic airway obstruction and bacterial infection; development of chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, respiratory failure
T/F: CF is more common in Asians.
False. Caucasians.
Cystic fibrosis is less common in other ethnic groups, affecting about 1 in 17,000 African Americans and 1 in 31,000 Asian Americans
Why are CF pt's skinny?
Thick and sticky mucous blocks ducts in the pancreas and causes malnutrition of the patient
Patho of CF?
What is another name for RDS?
Hyaline membrane disease
What is the result of RDS on the respiratory system?
deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange
results in atelectasis, shunting, persistence of fetal circulation
Describe a hyaline membrane
composed of cellular debris, red blood cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. Appears as amorphous material, lining or filling the alveolar spaces and blocking gas exchange
When does RDS begin?
shortly after birth
S&S for RDS?
tachypnea, chest wall retractions, expiratory grunting, flaring of the nostrils, cyanosis, hypercarbia, prolonged apnic periods, ventilatory failure
How long is the clinical course for RDS?
2 to 3 days.
Day 1-worsens
Day 2-may be stable
Day 3- resolution
What is a clinical sign that RDS is resolving?
diruesis
What is the most common single cause of death in the first month of life?
RDS
Treatment for RDS could include:
maternal glucocorticoid administration
surfactant to infant via ET tube
ventilatory support
inhaled nitric oxide
What causes RDS?
developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lung
When do type II pneumocytes mature?
23-28 weeks gestation
type II cells secrete surfactant
Is it possible to have RDS in a term infant?
Yes, it can also result from a genetic problem with the production of surfactant
T/F: RDS is less likely in babies delivered by C-section due to less stress on the baby during birth.
False. The stess is thought to help with glucocorticoids which help lung maturation
What is the key presenting factor in compartment syndrome?
Pain out of proportion to physical findings
What is compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure in muscle compartment that leads to muscle and nerve damage
T/F: Pathologic fractures do not occur with normal activities, but increased stress can cause bones to break more easily.
False. Pathologic fractures can be caused by normal activities.
What is the most common metabolic disease?
Osteoporosis
T/F: The patho of osteoporosis involves osteoblast activity > osteoclast activity.
False.
OsteoBlasts Build bone.
OsteoClasts Cut bone.
So, in osteoporosis, osteoclast activity is > osteoblast activity
Which med is antiosteoclastic?
Fosamax
Fosamax cuts the cutting!
Which med is pro-osteoblastic?
Forteo
Forteo builds that bone fort!
Which hip is most often involved in developmental dysplasia of the hip?
Left
Which gender is more likely to have developmental dysplasia of the hip?
Females (80% of cases)
T/F: The first born is at greatest risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip.
True
T/F: Hip formation is not completed until 24 weeks gestation.
False, it is largely complete by 11 weeks
What are some conditions associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip?
oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid)
down syndrome
spina bifida
Which type of birth increases the risk for developmental dysplasia of the hip?
breech
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by loss of bone mass and deterioration of the architecture of ________ bone with a subsequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures
cancellous
What types of things cause osteoporosis?
endocrine disorders
malignancy
aging
T/F: a low protein diet increases your risk of osteoporosis
False. High protein diet is a risk factor
What are some risk factors for osteoporosis?
White
Aging
Small bone structure
Postmenopausal (female)
Smoking, alcohol, caffeine
Sedentary
Calcium Deficient
More...
T/F: RA usually has a gradual onset.
true
Is RDS more of a dead space or shunt problem?
shunt
T/F: MODS is easy to treat if diagnosed early.
False. Prevention is more valuable, as it is hard to reverse.
"UNCONTROLLED inflammatory response"
What is the most important cell contributing to inflammation?
neutrophil
Why is it so hard to increase the PO2 in ARDS?
diffusion impairment (hyaline membrane)
Can ARDS develop in babies?
yes
How long does it take for CK to become elevated after an MI?
6-12 hours
When does the peak CK level occur?
18-24 hours after the MI, then it gradually returns to baseline
When is troponin detectable in serum after MI?
4-6h
T/F: Troponin returns to baseline levels 2 days after the MI.
False. It remains elevated at low levels for 5-7 days
When damaged cells release potassium, it contributes to decreased
inotropy
What type of HF does Paget's disease produce?
High output HF
What type of HF does throtoxicosis produce? (high vs. low)
High output HF
Conditions that cause AV shunt cause which type of HF? (high vs. low)
High output
Ischemic heart diseases results in _______ output HF. (high vs. low)
low
Cardiomyopathy results in _______ output HF. (high vs. low)
low
Sepsis causes which type of HF? (high vs. low)
low output
Where do fatty streaks form?
between the endothelium and internal elastic lamina
What do fatty streaks contain?
atherogenic lipoproteins and macrophage foam cells
What is the fibrous cap made of?
layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue matrix
Where is the autonomic control center for the cardiac function and blood pressure located?
bilaterally in the medulla oblongata
What does the vasomotor center control?
sympathetic-mediated acceleration of heart rate and blood vessel tone
