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What are the techniques to study brain function?
- Lesion technique
- Electrical activity
- PET Scan
- MRI
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What is the Lesion technique?
Lobectomy
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What is an EEG?
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test to measure the electrical activity of the brain.
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What is a PET scan?
Radioactive Glucose to see the most active areas of the brain
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What is an MRI?
- Looks at brain tissue
- Can look at brain damage
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What is an FMRI?
FMRI looks at oxygen consumption.
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What is the Medula?
- The brain stem
- Responsible for heart rate and breathing
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What is the Reticular formation responsible for?
Sleep/wake cycle
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What is the Thalamus responsible for?
- It is the way station/filter for all senses except smell
- Relay station
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What is the Cerebellum responsible for?
- Fine motor skills
- Speech
- Balance
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What is the Limbic system for?
- Emotions
- Amygdala is part of the Limbic system
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What is the Amygdala responsible for?
Rage/fear
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What is the Hypothalamus responsible for?
- Thermoregulation
- Maintains homeostasis
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What are the lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
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What is the Frontal Lobe responsible for?
- Executive functions
- Plans
- Goals
- Motor function
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What is the Parietal responsible for?
Touch and sensation
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What is the Occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision
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What is the Temporal lobe responsible for?
Hearing
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What makes up the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
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What makes up the PNS?
- Somatic Nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
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What is the Somatic nervous system?
Skeletal, motor function. Purposeful movement.
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What is the Autonomic nervous system?
- Glands
- Organs
- Everything "automatic"
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What is the Sympathetic nervous system?
- Adranergic
- Fight or flight
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What is the Parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the make up of a neuron?
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Axon
- Myelinated sheaths
- Synapse.
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What are some Neurotransmitters?
- Acetacholine
- GABA
- Glutamate
- Epi
- Nor Epi
- Seratonin
- Dopamine
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What is the Threshold?
What the exhibitory stimulate reach the sensory action potential they reach a threshold
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What is the Scientific attitude?
- Curiosity
- Humility
- Skeptical
- Openmindness
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What is the scientific method?
- Theory
- Hypothesis
- Variable definition
- Replication
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What is a Theory/
Integrated statement made upon observation
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What are the different ways to sample effects?
- Random - equal chance of being selected and represent all options
- Representative - Ask everyone
- Naturalistic observation - Just watch
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What is the Correlation Coefficient?
- Represents how closely related the variables are.
- -1 close relation (Both went down)
- +1 close relation (both went up)
- 0 no relation
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Dr. Jones wants to know if caffeine improves grades. Caffeine is the _____?
Independent variable
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When hypotheses are tested, the result is typically _____?
Confirmation or revision of the theory
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What is the brain's ability to modify itself following damage?
Plasticity
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A deficiency of myelin causes _____?
MS
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What is SQ3R?
A study method
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What is MRI?
Magnetic resonance imaging
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What is the junction between the sending and receiving neurons?
Synapse
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Correlating certain traits permits ____?
Prediction
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Which neurotransmitter is most involved in mood, hunger and sleep?
Serotonin
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What is the limbic system link to?
Emotion and drives
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The double-blind procedure is ____?
Only the data collector knows which treatments the participants receive
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Which enables the right and left hemispheres to communicate?
Corpus callosum
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The thalamus receives information from all senses except?
Smell
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Which has the greatest representation in the sensory cortex?
Forehead
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Which is the dependent variable?
The outcome factor
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Why do some protest the use of animals in research?
- Animals feel pain
- animals are similar and different from us
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What is the correct order of the scientific method?
- Theory
- Hypothesis
- Observation
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What is a random assignment?
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance
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The knoblike structure at the end of the axon is the ____?
Terminal
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What is an Antagonist?
An antagonist mimic neurotransmitters
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What is an agonist?
Block neurotransmitters
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What is Aphasia
The general term for a language disorder
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What lobe is involved in speaking an muscle movement?
Frontal
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What lobe is responsible for sight?
The occipital lobe
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Fraternal twins are ___?
- Can be same sex or other
- From the separate fertilized eggs
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What is behavior?
Anything an organism does
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Endorphins are linked to?
Pain/pleasure
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Its difficult to wave your hand and foot in opposite directions. What part of the brain is involved here?
Motor cortex and frontal lobe
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What a neuron fires, it____?
- Has reached threshold
- Send and action potential
- Does not cross the synaptic gap
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How will a young child's brain react after a hemisphere is removed?
It will compensate by recruiting other brain areas, by plasticity
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Saying "I knew that it would happen to him eventually" is an example of?
Hindsight bias
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Excess neurotransmitters are taken up by the sending neuron. This is called ____?
reuptake
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What is a netlike structure important in alertness and arousal?
The Reticular formation
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What do counseling psychologists do?
Help people cope with challenges, including academic, vocational, and martial issues
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What is the definition of psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental process
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Which is the "master gland"?
Hypothalamus
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What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What does the cognitive perspective focus on?
How we process information
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What is the independent variable?
What is manipulated by the experimenter
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Which research method measures cause and effect?
Experiment
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What is Curare?
Ach Antagonist
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What is the Behaviorism perspective?
How we learn and observable responses
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What is the Neuroscience Perspective?
Brain functions
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What is reg Social-culture perspective?
How we are influenced by each other
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What is the behavior genetics perspective?
Nature and nurture
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What is the purpose of a control group?
It allows for comparison and to control the possible placebo effect.
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Damage to which part of the brain causes amnesia for explicit memories?
Hippocampus
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To access a memory, we may activate associations called ______?
Declarative memories
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____ Intelligence involves well-defined problems having one right answer?
Analytical
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Which in incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event?
Misinformation effect
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Which type of memory gives us conscious recall?
Explicit
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Presenting an issue in two different but logically equivalent ways is ____?
Framing effect
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Deja vu most commonly happens to those who are ____?
Well educated and imaginative
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What is the duration of echoic memory?
3-4sec
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Classical conditioning associates _____ and operant conditioning associates _____?
- two stimuli
- a response and a consequence
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At that level of mental retardation does someone require constant aid and supervision?
Profound
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Children who experience high levels of physical punishment tend to be ____?
Aggressive
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Memories recovered via hypnosis or guided imaginary are ___?
Unreliable
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ROYGBIV is an example of ____?
Chinking and Pneumonic divice
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Imagination effects involve ____?
Recalling things that never happened
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Remembering the first and last item in a list is the ___?
Serial position effect
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Which kind of memory is processed by the cerebellum?
Implicit memory
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Children learn by imitating adults and other models. This is ___?
Observational learning
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What is source amnesia?
Claiming to have witnessed an event you only heard about.
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Spanking is a form of what?
Punishment
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Typing your old password instead of your new one is ______?
Proactive interference
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What is the definition of a fixed ratio schedule?
Reward after a specified number of responses
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A procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward a goal is ____?
Discrimination learning
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The prolonged strengthening of neural firing is called ____?
Procedural learning
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What is the latent learning?
Learning that may not be apparent until an incentive is offered.
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant event is?
Flashbulb memory
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What is sensory memory?
Immediate and brief recording of information into memory
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Cognitive psychologists study?
Decision- making
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When do children enter the stage which involved telegraphic speech?
24months
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When asked to imagine a bird, most people would imagine a robin rather than a penguin because a robin is _____?
A prototype.
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IQ was traditionally calculated by dividing mental age by ___?
Chronological age
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When we're happy we recall happy memories. This is ____?
Mood-congruent
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The process of defining meaningful scores relative to pretested group is ___?
Standardization
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Rehearsal is ____?
Effortful processing
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______ Involves linking several behaviors into one rewarding routine.
Chaining
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Which produces a response that prepares the organism for biologically significant event over which it has no control?
Classical conditioning
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What is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable?
Creativity
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Why is forgetting a good thing?
We'd e cluttered with useless information if we didn't
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Which are the 4 basic types of reinforcers?
- Positive
- Negative
- primary
- Conditioned
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A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience is called ____?
Learning
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The ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions is ____?
Emotional intelligence
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A person with amnesia may still be able to learn new skills by way of ___?
- Implicit memory
- Procedural memory
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The tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contrary evidence is ____?
Belief perseverance
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When does retroactive interference occur?
- When new information interferes with old information
- (password example)
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What is an example of an unconditioned response?
Salivating to food
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What is an example of a unconditioned stimulus ?
Food
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What is an example of a conditioned response?
Salivating to bell
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What is an example of a conditioned stimulus?
Bell
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List and give an example of the 4 partial reinforcement schedules?
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What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement.
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What are the seven methods for improving memory?
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What is a Psychological disorder?
Deviant, distressful, dysfunctional behavior patterns
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What do Rorschach inkblots encourage?
They encourage people to express their inner feelings in response to looking at ambiguous pictures
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What is not a cause of anxiety?
Under-active frontal lobes
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What are the big 5 personality factors?
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeable
- Neuroticism
- Open to experience
- Extroversion
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What is associated with PTSD?
- Social withdrawal
- Jumpy annoyance
- Nightmares
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What is Not reciprocal determinism?
Your genes
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Fundamental traits are?
Characteristics behaviors and conscious motives
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What is an example of displacement?
A manager reprimanding an employee after a negative review from the CEO
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What is the spotlight effect?
How much we feel others notice us
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WHo pioneered the concept of unconditional positive regard?
Rogers
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Someone who refuses to perceive painful realities is showing what?
Denial
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What is Self-actualization?
The process of fulfilling our potential
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Intense dread, dizziness and chest pain are symptoms of what?
Panic disorder
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What is external locus control?
The perception that outside forces control your destiny
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Repressing angry feelings and showing exaggerates friendliness is what?
Reaction formation
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When you are a victim of a self -fulfilling prophecy?
You act as other expect you to
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An extraverted person is most likely to?
Have low brain arousal
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What so the big 5 personality traits predict?
Average behavior across situations
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Which is a group of disorders characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions and actions?
Schizophrenia
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Murderous minds have reduced activation in what area?
Frontal cortex.
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Rationalization is?
Generating self-justifying explanations that hide one's real motives
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What does MMPI assess?
Abnormal personality tendencies
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Which neurotransmitter is the most involved in schizophrenia?
Dopamine
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DSM-IV is?
A classification scheme
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Which is not true of those who are excessively optimistic?
They consider the risks of their actions
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Which are two forms of mood disorders?
Major depression and bipolar disorders.
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Calm, secure, and self satisfied are "endpoints" of?
Neuroticism
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Which is an example of regression?
Escaping the world by mentally "going back" to childhood
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Moody and reversed people are _____?
Unstable introverted
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Which disorders is most culturally universal?
Schizophrenia
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Rats subjected to unpredictable shocks become chronically anxious. This suggests that anxiety is a response primarily to?
Fear conditioning
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The phallic stage occurs during?
3-6 yrs
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Which defense mechanism involves retreating to an earlier stage of development?
Regression
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The oral stage occurs during?
0-18mo
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When is the Anal stage?
18-36mo
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When is the Latency stage?
6-12yrs
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Which combines keen intelligence, charming personality, and amorality?
Antisocial personality disorder
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Accepting credit for successes but blaming the situation for poor performance is?
Self-serving bias
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When you relax and say what comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing or trivial, this is _____?
Free association
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Which disorder is marked by hyperactivity, impulsivity and extreme inattention?
ADHD
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Someone who is disciplined, organized and careful has a high level of what?
Conscientiousness
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What is learned helplessness?
Passive resignation in the face of aversive events
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In bipolar disorder, the brain rapidly consumes glucose during what state?
Manic
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What should you NOT say if you want to ten an apartment?
Im getting out of a mental hospital in a few days
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Which is based on sexual an aggressive drives?
Id
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What are the criteria for Harmful dysfunction?
- Atypical
- Maladaptive
- Disturbing
- Unjustified
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What are three personality disorders?
- Narcissistic personality disorder
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
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What are the defense mechanisms?
- Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Sublimation
- Denial
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Reaction formation
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