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Codon
3 letter code in RNA that codes for an amino acid.
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Anticodon
Compliment of a codon.
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Protein is made up of...
Amino acids
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During translation, tRNA pairs with a complementary..
mRNA codon (complement of DNA)
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AUG is a..
Start up codon,
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Trait
Characteristic of an organism.
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Chromosomes
Sections of DNA that contain genes for traits.
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Allele
- One of several forms that a paticular gene can take.
- Ex: tall or short
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What is DNA
Nucleic acid, which is made of nucleotides.
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What are nucleic acids made up of?
- Nucleotides, which have three parts:
- 1. Sugar molecule. DNA=deoxyribose RNA=ribose (both have 5 carbons, 1 oxygen, and 1 hydrogen.)
- 2. Phosphate group. Phosphate of one nucleotide forms a covalent bond with another, which repeats and forms a negatively charged Sugar-Phosphate Backbone, which causes the whole strand to be negative.
- 3. Nitrogenous Base- molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and attached to the sugar of the nucleotide.
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Purine
Double-ringed bases. Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)
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Pyrimidines
Single-ringed bases. Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U).
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Complemenary Base Pairing
- Each nitrogenous base always pairs with its complement.
- A --> T, G --> C, A --> U
- This keeps the distance between strands.
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Heredity
Passing of traits from parents to children. In chromosomes (nucleus.)
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Genetics
Study of heredity.
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Dihybrid Cross
P generation has 2 dominant and 2 recessive, dominant always shows.
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Law of independant assortment
Each pair of chromosomes seperates on its own in mieosis.
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Haploid
1 of each chromosome (gamete).
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Active strand
- The side that has the codons/info.
- Other is a complement (dummy strand).
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Where is DNA and what does it do?
- In nucleus.
- Directs proteins.
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Where is mRNA and what does it do?
- Nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosome.
- Transcription.
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Where are ribosomes?
Cytoplasm
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DNA backbone is made of?
Phosphate and deoxyribose.
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Voltage formula
- Voltage= Current (amps) x Resistance (watts)
- V = A x W
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Power formula
- Power (watts) = Voltage (v) x Current (amps)
- W = V x A
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Global Warming
Average increase in in global temperature.
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Causes of global warming
- 1. Humans
- -Increase of fossil fuels --> CO2
- 2. Nature
- -Solar flares. Sun --> 99.5% of energy
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Current effects of global warming
- 1. Climate refugees are relocating because it is getting too hot.
- 2. Decrease in glaciers, increase in sea levels. Decrease in fresh water because it's mixing with the salt water. Most increase in polar regions b/c it's white.
- 3. Increase in food price. Climate is shifting and changing growing.
- 4. Increase in storm power due to increased water temperature.
- 5. Tropical Diseases are stronger in heat.
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Smog: primary or secondary?
Secondary
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Citys with a moist, cloudy climate and few traffic problems would pribably NOT have
Smog
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When car emissions react with O2 and UV rays, what is formed?
CO2
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Series Circuit
If one object in the series does not recieve electricity, then none of the objects in the series will work.
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Parallel Circuit
If one object in the circuit does not recieve electricty, it does not affect the other objects.
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Energy
The ability to do work.
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Work
Move matter and electrcity.
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Kinetic energy
Energy of movement (in use)
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Potential energy
- Stored/ at rest.
- Energy of position of matter.
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6 main forms of energy
- 1. nuclear
- 2. mechanical
- 3. thermal (heat)
- 4. radiant
- 5. electrical
- 6. chemical
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nuclear energy
energy in the matter of the nucleus (protons and neutrons).
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Fission
- Break down larger nuclei to form smaller ones.
- Used in nuclear bomb and nuclear powerplant.
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Fusion
- Combine small nuclei to form a bigger nucleus.
- Used on stars. H+H=He
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mechanical
motion of matter
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thermal/heat energy
- movement of molecules = friction (James Prescott Joule)
- lowest form of energy
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radiant energy
energy of waves (the electromagentic spectrum)
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electrical energy
energy of electrons
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chemical energy
energy of bonds of matter (electron bonds between atoms)
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The ultimate beginning form of all energy transformations is?
nuclear energy from the sun.
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Which form of energy is always considered intermediate and why?
Electrical- we want the actual end result of the energy, (light on), not electricity itself.
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Law of Conservation of Energy
Matter: cannot be created. cannot be destroyed. CAN change from on form to another.
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10 most common energy sources
- petroleum
- natural gas
- coal
- uranium
- biomass
- hydropower
- propane
- geothermal
- solar
- wind
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alka selter's energy
chemical --> mechanical
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Newton's cradle energy
energy is converted. frictio, heat is lost, and sound is converted. eventually all energy is converted, and the cradle stops.
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Most used energy source
petroleum
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energy source used to generate the most electricty
coal
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second most used energy source for electricity
nuclear
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renewable sources
- wind
- biomass
- solar
- hydropower
- geothermal
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nonrenewable energy sources
- petroleum
- coal
- propane
- natural gas
- uranium
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fossil fuels
- coal
- petroleum
- natural gas
- propane
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static electricity
gathering of electrons in one place
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frequency
Number of peaks that pass a point in a set amount of time.
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wave lenght
distance from one peak to the next peak.
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why is electrical energy useful?
it is easily converted into other forms of energy
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armature
moves through the magnetic field.
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steady system
enter and exit at the same rate
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What happens as our living standards increase>
carrying capacity decreases
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Law of conservation of matter
matter can't be created or destroyed, but it can be rearranged.
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Sun energy
- nuclear fusion
- powers photosynthesis, water cycle, wind, waves, fossil fuels, biomass
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tide energy
renewable. gravitiational pull of moon and sun on earth.
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geothermal energy
renewable.. Earth's heat is from fission in crust
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fission fuels
Uranum 235 is nonrenewable, but abundant. nuclear power plants.
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fusion fuels
some day? hydrogen in oceans and such powers it. nonrenewable, but plentiful.
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mass
measure of the amount of stuff in an an object (measure of an objects resistance to change). Ex: golf ball vs shot put. Which is harder to throw? Stop?
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matter
anything that occupies space and has mass. You can see, touch, and feel matter.
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work formula
force x distance
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