biofinal

reproduce by itself

Offspring that inherit genes from one parent

Offspring that inherit genes of both parents combined

• Neucleic Acid(macromolecule)
• Nucleotide = monomer unit
• deoxyribose sugar
• nitrogen base phosphate group

Structure of DNA

• Thing and stringy, can't see under microscope
• DNA wrapped loosly arond protein
• As a cell enters mitosis the chromatin condenses into chromosomes

when chromatids seperate the individual strands are called chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine an individuals gender

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

two identically joined copies of the same chromosome

where the two chromatids attach at the center

The process that a cell goes through when doubling

• NONDIVIDING stafe
• -carries out normal metabolic processes and functions

• Normal day activities of the cell
• (g stands for gap)

Growth phase

• Genetic material duplicates (DNA replication)
• (S stands for synthesis)

• Growth phase
• cell prepares to divide

Mitotic phase

Nucleus and duplicated chromosomes divide into two "daughter" neclei

Process by which the cytoplasm is split in order to form two seperate cells

Body cells

• contain centrioles (only in animal cells)
• release microtubles to for the mitotic spindle

• Prophase - pro = before
• Metaphase - meta - middle
• anaphase - apart
• telphase

PMAT

• -Neucleolus goes away
• -Nuclear envelope breaks up
• -Spindle forming
• -Chromosome consisting of two sister cromatids

• -Spindle microtubles
• -2 chromatids

-Identical daughter chromosomes

• -Chromosomes uncoiling
• -Neuclear envelope forming
• -Cell dividing into two

• -Disease caused by the severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle
• -Uncontrolled Cell division

Halts Cell Division

• Abnormal new growth of tissue
• Types:
• -Benign
• -Malignant

• NON-cancerous
• -They CANNOT spread or invade other parts of your body
• -They CAN be dangerous i they press vital organs, such as your brain

Cancer cells can migrate and form tumors elsewhere in the body

The spread of cancer beyond their original site

Injures or Destroys cells in the area being treated by damaging their DNA, making it impossible for more growth and divide

Chemicals that distrupt Cell division

• -same chromosome structure
• -carries the same sequence of genes

• 2 sets of chromosomes
• -one from mom
• -one from dad

• One set of chromosomes
• -Combination of chromosomes from mom and dad

the representations of a chromosome

Sex cells (germ cells)

A cell formed by two gametes

• Fraternal twins
• -twins who develop from two eggs fertilized by two different sperm

• Identical twins
• -Soon after one sperm fertilized one egg to
• form the zygote, the embryo splits to form
• two identical embryos

• -A form of monozygotic twins
• -Occurs when the zygote of identical twins
• fails to completely separate

• Produces 4 non-identical gametes
• -Cell Division
• Stage one
• -Chromosome reduction divison
• Stage two
• -Division

• The failure of the chromosomes to properly
• segregate during meiotic or mitotic anaphase,
• resulting in daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
• -Down Syndrome
• -Turner Syndrome
• -Klinefelter Syndrome

• Mental Retardation
• - Characteristic Facial Appearance
• - Increased risk for heart defects (~50% have a heart defect), digestive problems,
• leukemia, Alzheimer disease, hearing problems, hypothyroidism
• - Life Expectancy - 55 years

-presence of only one complete X chromosome and no Y chromosome

An abnormal condition in a male characterized by two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome

• -used for women 35 or
• older
• -earlier Test: 10-12 wks
• -increased risk for
• miscarriage: about 2%

• Used for women 35 or
• older
• -Test: 16-18 wks
• -Increased risk for
• miscarriage: less than 1%

• exchange of genetic material between
• homologous chromosomes (tetrad)

group of 4 chromosomes

The structure of DNA in a shape of a spiral that consists of paired polynucleotides

something that makes up DNA

• Purines-double ring
• -Adenine
• -Guanine
• Pyrimidines
• -Cytosine
• -Thymine

In RNA or DNA that holds a polynucleotide chain together