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What is the condition when two pupils are not equal in size?
Anisocoria
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what disorder is characterized by medial rectus palsy on attempt conjugate gaze with monocular horizontal nystagmus?
MLF syndrome
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what disorder presents with absence of direct and consensual pupillary light reflex but intact accomodation reflex?
Argyll Robertson pupil
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What nerve is most likely damaged when on eye deviates lateral and down, pupil is dilated and fixed, and ptosis?
oculomotor nerve
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What disorder is characterized by intact consensual light reflex but absent direct light reflex?
Marcus Gunn pupil
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What disorder presents with ipsilateral hemiparesis, fixed dilated pupil, ptosis, down and out eye, contralateral homonymous hemianopsia?
Transtentorial herniation (uncal herniation)
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What disease is characterized by a lesion in the ciliary ganglion and in post ganglionic fibers to the iris sphincter pupillae muscle. Symptoms: dilated pupil that is slow to react to light; females absent knee and/or ankle jerk
Adie pupil
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What type of cells are olfactory receptor cells?
bipolar
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What part of the thalamus does the olfactory primary olfactory cortex project too?
mediodorsal nucleus
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NAME THAT DISORDER
Symptoms: ipsilateral anosmia, ipsilateral optic atrophy, contralateral papilledema?
Foster kennedy syndrome
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Where are the first order neurons of the tongue located?
- Ant 2/3 = geniculate ganglion CN VII
- Post 1/3= Petrosal ganglion CN IX
- Pharynx= Nodose ganglion CN X
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Where do first order gustatory neurons project too?
Solitary nucleus
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Where does the solitary nucleus project taste too?
Ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus via central tegmental tract and Parabrachial nucleus of pons
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Where does the parabrachial nucleus project taste input?
hypothalamus and amygdala
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Where does the posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus project taste input?
Area 43 parietal operculum and parainsular cortex
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Where are fungiform papillae located and what is substances do they mainly respond too?
Anterior 2/3 Sweet, salty, and sour
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Where are foliate papillae located and what substance do they mainly respond too?
posterior edge (sour)
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What nerve innervates the foliate and fungiform papillae?
Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
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Where are circumvallate papillae located and what substances do they respond too?
junction between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue (bitter)
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What nerve innervates the circumvallate papillae?
CN IX
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What are the areas of the cortex that taste sensations are projected?
- somatosensory and frontal
- Amygdala Hypothalamus
- hippocampus
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What joins the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
Pharyngotympanic tube
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What are the two parts of the tympanic membrane and what is their location to one and other?
- Pars Flaccida (Superior to lat process of malleus)
- Pars Tensa (inferior to pars flaccida)
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What is the peak of the central cone depression of the tympanic membrane?
UMBO
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What supplies the external surface of the tympanic membrane?
- Auriculotemporal nerve (branch V3)
- Auricular branch of X
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What nerve supplies the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?
glossopharngeal nerve
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What are the two parts of the middle ear?
- Tympanic cavity
- epitympanic recess
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What are the muscles of the middle ear?
- Stapedius m.
- Tensor tympani m.
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What nerve innervates the middle ear?
Chorda tympani (branch VII)
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What bone contains the inner ear?
Petrous part of temporal bone
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How many turns the cochlea make?
2.5
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What are the three divisions of the cochlea?
- Scala vestibule
- cochlear duct
- Scala tympani
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What fluid is found in the scala vestibule and scala tympani?
Perilymph
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What fluid is found in the cochlear duct?
endolymph
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What are the two sacs of the vestibular labyrinth?
- Utricle (superior)
- Saccule (inferior)
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What is the ampullary crest sensitive too?
motion of head
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What is the maculae of the utricle and saccule sensitive too?
position of head reletive to gravity
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what are the bodies and cilia of hair cells in touch with (respectively)?
- body- basilar membrane
- Cilia - tectorial membrane
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what type of frequency is detected by the base and apex of the cochlea respectively?
- base = High Freq
- Apex = Low Freq
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What part of the thalamus receives auditory information?
Medial geniculate nucleus
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What tract is responsible if inhibition of auditory sensation which helps sharpen sound?
Olivocochlear bundle
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What are the hair cell cilia of the vestibular system embedded in?
Cupula
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What is a kinocilium?
Long vestibular cilia
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What is a stereocilia?
small vestibular cilia
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What is the effect of stereocilia bending toward kinocilium?
Depolarization
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Where do most vestibular neurons terminate?
Vestibular nucleus in medulla
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What tract carries balance info to the erector spinae m.
Vestibulospinal tract
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How do vestibular nuclei connect to the cerebellum?
Through the inferior peduncle
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what is the most common insidious vascular cause of dimentia?
Binswagner's disease
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what are the symptoms of wernikie encephalopathy? what is the cause?
- nystagmus
- ophthalmoplegia
- gait ataxia
- confusion
Caused by thiamine deficiency
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what causes wernikie korsakoff's syndrome?
alcoholism
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