Chapter 13 Art Appreciation

2 Basic structural types

One building material provides bith structural support and sheathing (outer covering).

i. e. log cabins

Might be compared to the human body with its rigid bony skeleton to support its basic frame and a more fragile skin for sheathing.

i.e. modern skyscrapers steel (skeleton) glass (sheath)

Two factors to consider in any structural system

Refers to the amount of tensile (stretch) stress a material can withstand before bending or breaking.

Simplest method of making a building and is suitable for brick, ice blocks, adobe, stone, etc..

Also known as stacking and piling

Sun-dried brick

The most elementary structural  method after stacking and piling.

It is based on two uprights (posts) supporting a horizontal cross piece.

i.e. Stonehendge

A large hall erected in post/lintel construction was a virtual forest of columns inside. This created this type of hall.

From the greek "beneath Columns"

The three major acrchitectural styles are known as...

Greek orders

The top most part between the shaft of the column and the roof or lintel.

The actual column

The bottom most part of the column that separates it from the floor.

7th century bce column with no base to separate it from the floor and its capital made of plain stone slab above a rounded stone.

6th century bce column has a stepped ase and a carved capital in the form of two graceful spirals known as volutes.

4th century bce style which is more elaborate, having a more detailed base and a capital carved as a a stylized bouquet of acanthus leaves.

Lentil made of three parts

Three parts of the entablature

The simple unadorned band of lentils just above the columns.

The area above the architrave ornamented with sculpture in relief.

Shelflike projection that caps the frieze

The triangular element supported by the entablature.

Used by the ancient people of mesopotamia but more fully developed by the romans.

Enables the architect to open up a fairly large space in a wall without risking the building's soundness.

The top most stone of an arch/semicircle.

Wedged shaped pieces of stone

When an arch is extended in depth - when in reality it is many arches flush one behind the other.

Use of barrel arches referencing roman like style during the middle ages between 1050 and 1200.

Central Aisle of te christian church

Where two barrel vaults cross at a 90 degree angel

Rectangular segments in which the church is divided with the use of groin vaults and columns along the nave.

Allows for much higher vaults.
Must be reinforced with ribs.
Allows for the building to have more windows.
Must be stregthened.
Used in the Gothic period

Pressing the entire length of your body to support the weight of th wall

Standing away from the wall and pushing against wall with extended arms. Your arms would be...

Your body would be the...

an architectural structure generally in the shape of a hemisphere or half globe.

an arch rotated 360 degrees on its axis.

Ornamented with recessed rectangles, coffers which lessen its weight.

Openeing at very top of a dome thought to be symbolic of the "eye" of heaven.

Porch that is joined incongruously to the dome

Round building

Circular base under the dome making the building round/rotunda

Curved triangular sections between the archs used to make a smooth transition between rectangle and dome.

Slender Towers

When each row of stones extends slightly beyond the one below until eventually the opening is bridged.

Technique used by indian architects to create arch, vault, dome forms.

Example of Skeleton/skin technique.

Built for Prince Albert's exhibition of latest technology.

Steel/glass

Burned to ground in 1936

1833 chicago introduced.
Mass produced nails
Better milling for lumber
Wood frame
Stucco skin.

Named because of its light weight

Brought about the construction of sky scraper.
Allows for numerous stories.
Skeleton/skin.

imbedding mesh or rods made of iron or steel in concrete before it hardens.

Increases tensile strength

Developed by american architectural engineer R. Buckminster Fuller.

A bubble formed by a network of metal rods arranged in triangles and further organized into a tetrahedrons.