Exam #3

heterogenous assemblage of organisms once classified in many phyla in kingdom protista

6 features shared by algae

8 phyla of algae

3 heterokont algae

3 of the super group archaeplastida

heterokont algae examples

lineages of algae based on 4 primary features

the four chloroplast types of algae are based on these two

3 chloroplast and photosynthetic pigments of stramenophile and dinoflagellates

4 chlorophylls of stramenopile and dinoflagellates

the three chloroplast membranes of stramenopiles and dinoflagellates outermost membrane

3 chloroplast type and photosynthetic pigments of rhodophyta

4 chlorophylls of rhodophyta

3 chloroplast type and photosynthetic pigments of green algae

3 chloroplast type and photosynthetic pigments of eugleniphytes

3 chlorophylls of green algae

why does the euglenophytes have three chloroplast membranes

beta 1-3 glucose polymers 
laminarin
chrysolaminarin
leucosin
paramylon

alpha 1-4 glucose polymer
floridean starch

alpha 1-4, 1-6 glucose polymer
plant starch

type - 4
number - 2
position of flagella - 2
presence - 3

6 cell wall compounds

present in all algae except euglenoids and some diatoms

cell wall found in brown algae

cell wall compound mucilaginous

mucilaginous compounds found in red algae

CaCO3 cell wall found in

silicon cell wall compound is found in

cell wall compound proteins 

the largest and most complex algae, are multicellular, and marine

where are most brown algae found

where does the characteristic brown color of brown algae come from

this algae produces alginic acids and edible species

phaeophyta

type of flagella of brown algae

chrysophyta

two reasons why golden algae color

3 features of the golden algae

how does a golden algae react to high denisities

have a unique glass like walls silica embedded in an organic matrix

the walls of silica are found in the walls of this organism

diatom cell division

5 features of diatoms

they reproduced asexually most of the time

sexual reproduction of diatoms is rare

have motile heterokont gametes

4 features of red alage

most common seaweed is red algae and is found where

the red color of red algae is from these 2

red algae produce emulsifiers like agar and carageenan and is edible like nori

most morphologically diverse group of algae

3 features of green algae

3 life cycles of green algae

5 features of green algae and land plants

sister group of land plants that also includes green algae as a lineage

one body produces both types of gametes (bi)

two bodies producing the gametes (uni), male and female body

haploid, gamete producing body

diploid spore producing body

structure that produces gametes
"    " spore

a male gamteangium with protective walls
female "    "

3 types of sexual life cycles

alternation of generations

how was the earth like 500 mya

6 advantages of moving onto land

3 problems associated with moving onto land

how dessication is a problem for moving onto land

why mutagenesis is a prblem for moving plants onto land

how gravity was a problem with plants that moved onto land

first plants were descended from

plants evolved in the littoral zone

4 features of green algae that are different from those found in plants

two ways cell division of green algae is different than that of land plants

a set of microtubulus oriented parallel to the plan of the new cell wall

closed spindle occurs in

green algae lack an effective photorespiration system 

besides green algae the lineage that most closely resembles plants

a set of microtubules oriented perpendicular to the plane of the new cell wall and involved in the wall formation

nuclear membrane breaks down in prophase of nuclear division

glycolate oxidase formed in peroxisomes occurs in charophyceans photosynthetic enzyme system

important in recycling carbon otherwise lost during photorespiration in charophyceans

4 features that charophyceans

5 features of the extant charophyceans

2 ways a multicellular body helps the charophyceans

how did a charophycean like ancestor overcome the problems associated with life on land? 3

1 way protected gametangia helps charophyceans

how are gametangia protected in charophyceans

2 features associated with the ooagmous of charophyceans

2 ways that are beneficial to the zygote being retained on the parent in charophyceans

2 ways the zygote with a protective wall is beneficial in charophyceans

the features of charophyceans help them to adapt to periodic drying, but land plants display a number of derived traits not present in charophyceans

all charophyceans undergo what kind of meiosis?
land plants undergo?

oldest lineages of land plants are the bryophytes 3

5 primitive land plant features

6 other primitive features of bryophyte

liverwort example
hornwort example
mosses example

vascular tissues evolved in a plant called

primitive conducting tissues are present in the sporophyte of moss ancestors

6 features of the earliest vascular plants

two major lineages evolved from earliest vascular plants

numerous terminal sporangia lineage leads to

single terminal sporangia lineage leads to

4 lineages that gave rise to the seedless vascular plants

4 features of the seedless vascular plants

dominant plants in the carboniferous period

zosterophyllum like ancestor evolved into

was a dominant somponent of ecosystems in carboniferous period

have two major lineages of lycopods

the two major lineages of lycopods have 3 features

heterosporous lycopods

3 features of the heterosporous selaginella

gives rise to megaspore
gives rise to microspores

all heterosporous plants are heterothallic

megaspores germinate to form
microspores germinate to form

sphenophytes example of

one existing genus of horsetails

4 ways horsetails are a dominant component of ecosystems in carboniferous period

psilophytes example of

only have a couple of extint genera

2 features of whisk ferns

4 ways whisk ferns show primitive vascular plant features

pterophytes example of

most diverse group of ferns

5 features of the pterophytes

evolutionary trends
spore dispersal
resistant over wintering spores
homospory
embryo developed on gametophyte
large free living gametophyte
small dependant sporophyte

5 derived traits of land plants

difference between charophyceans meiosis and land plant meiosis

sporic meiosis evolved in a charophycean like ancestor of land plants

newly developed young sporophyte in charophyceans

4 features of the charophycean embryo

regions of actively dividing cells that add to the length of the organisms

in terrestrial habitats, plants find resources in 2 places

apical meristems require gravity sensing hormones to help determine direction of growth

apical meristems have structural specialization for areial and subterranean growth

waxy covering over the epidermal layers of aerial portions of plants

4 features of cuticles

5 features of layers of cells surrounding the gamete producing cells

caboniferous period

3 features of the carboniferous period

seeds evolved how long ago

3 features in the climate seeds evolved in

permian period

5 features of the permian climate

mesozoic era

3 features of the mesozoic era

5 modifications that contributed to the diversification and success of seed plants

sperm nuclei carried inside male gametophyte

the evolution of cambium on vascular plants that results in wood allowed for

a structure that develops in the plant ovary and contains the female gametophyte

a region of the flower containing ovules

male gametophytes

multilayered propagule containing an embryo and stored nutrients

3 evolutionary advantages of seeds

in spore dispersing plants, the spores are unicellular

in seed plants, a multicellular seed coat provides added protection from these 3

spore dispersing plants have spores that germinate to form gamete producing body whose gametes must mate to produce offspring

in seed plants, mating has occured and is ready to germinate and grow into an adult

spore dispersing plants contain little nutrition

naked seed

seed formed exposed on the surface of a modified leaf

4 phyla of gymnosperms

living fossil with only one species still in existance today

3 features of ginkgo

5 features of cycads

3 features of gnetophytes

3 examples of gnetum`

6 features of ephedra

4 features of welwitschia

7 features of conifers

2 ways conifers adapted to dry environments

3 ways conifers adapted to fire

function of megagametophyte of conifer

seed coat of conifer is derived from these two
the function of the seed coat is to

seed plants lack a motile sperm so what was the adaption to the dry environment and what does it do

flagellated gymnosperms still exist, they swim down a pollen tube to meet the egg cell

enclosed sperm

flowering plants phylum

angiosperms possibly evolved from what lineage?

3 features of early cretaceous environment

major continents formed during this era

creatceous era event

extensive adaptive radiations of angiosperms following cretaceous extinctions

angiosperms differ from gymnosperms in forming their seeds. Their seeds are enclosed in layers of tissue called

seeds being enclosed in the carpel adaptations function as

the enclosed seed in the carpel allowed for

4 reasons for the carpel in angiosperms

the movement of pollen from stamens to the stigma of compatible flowers

gymnosperms ancestors were wind pollinated

is non selective random movement of pollen

4 features of when gymnosperm ancestors were wind pollenated

first angiosperms were pollinated by

animals visited for food of angiosperms; they ate what 3 things

4 evolutions of angiosperms

the 1st whorl of angiosperms contains

the sepals on the 1st whorl form

function of the sepals of angiosperms 2

2nd whorl of angiosperms has this

petals of 2nd whorl form

function of petals on the 2nd whorl is 2

3rd whorl of angiosperms contains

3 features of the stamen

function of filaments in 3rd whorl of angiosperm

4th whorl of angiosperms contains

4 features of the carpel of the 4th whorl

style of the 4th whorl function

stigma function in 4th whorl

pollen development is called

initiation of double fertilization process 4 steps

ovule development

6 steps to double fertilization and seed development

6 distinct features of angiosperms

ovules and seeds are exposed in gymnosperms

male gametophyte has how many cells at maturity in angiosperms
# of cells in gymnosperms

female gametophyte in angiosperms contains how many cells with how many nuclei
# of cells in gymnosperm

in double fertilization of angiosperms how many sperms are necessary in angiosperms? gymnosperms?

nutritive tissue in angiosperms
gymnosperms?

4 adaptive/evolutionary features of as to seeds develop and mature in only a few months

3 reasons why animal pollination in many angiosperms is good

most gymnosperms are wind pollinated

since gymnosperms lack vessels what do they have present

2 reasons for well developed vessels in the xylem

gymnosperms were ancestors of

sticky sap (pollination droplet) exuded from micropyle of ovule served to

when did beetles evolve

beetles returned to plants to do what

when beetles would visit selectively for sugary sap and protein rich pollen this would

the more attractive plants were to beetles the more often

more pollen transferred from beetles meant these 3

4 selection favored phenotype changes to increase visits by animals were

2 features as to when flowers developed special food resources

2 features as to when numerous carpels clustered in one location

2 features as to when numerous stamens clustered in a group

3 features as to when bisexual flowers evolved

if a plant species is pollinated by a few insects it tends to become specialized for the insect

the evolution of pollinating insect groups is intimately tied to the evolution of angiosperms

flowers are designed specifically for 4

passive pollen trasport means it isnt done on purpose but on accident by means of animals water and wind

4 kinds of animals pollinate flowers

3 reasons animals visit flowers

3 flower foods for animals

3 ways flowers attract animals

3 scents that help with flowers to attract animals

2 forms used to attract animals to flowers

lines and patterns on petals or specific color patterns point to nectaries

3 humming bird requirements for pollinating

3 characteristics of humming bird flowers

5 bat pollination requirments

5 characteristics of bat flowers

5 fly requirements for pollinating

6 features of flowers for flies

2 areas in which air pollination occurs

5 flower designs for wind pollinating plants

water pollation is effective for these kind of plants

6 flower designs of water pollination plants

4 process of fertilization of plants

5 features of pollen germination

what directs the pollen tube to grow down the style

2 features of pollen tube that fuses with female gametophyte

how nuclear fusion works in the fertilization of the plant

self fertilization vs cross fertilization alternate names

3 prezygotic isolation mechanisms for flowers

2 mechcanical prezygotic mechanisms for flowers

2 temporal prezygotic isolating mechanisms for flowers

protandry

3 features of prezygotic isolating mechanisms

2 ways seedless plants disperse

spores of seedless plants have these 2 species

usually assured reproduction but potential inbreeding

reproduction not assured but outbreeding promoted

clonal propagation, assured reproduction but limited genetic variability

gymnosperms plant disperal way

3 ways angiosperms plants disperse

3 diverse morphologies of angiosperms

4 functions of seeds

when do seeds provide nutrition for the embryo

germination often requires these 2 when the seeds serve as a dormancy mechanism

4 features of cotyledons

4 functions of the fruit

ripened mature ovary

4 layers of fruit

3 ways fruits protect the seed from

when entire fruit is dispersed it usually remains closed containing the seeds

when seeds are dispersed the fruit often remains attatched to parent and opens at maturity

products of asexual reproduction, clones of parent

3 features of wind dispersal of fruit and seeds

3 features of water dispersal of fruits and seeds

2 mechanical dispersals of fruits and seeds

how exploding fleshy fruits work

how spring loaded dry fruits work

2 laws of thermodynamics

law of thermodynamics
physics meaning
ecology meaning

how are all living organisms interdependent

planet earth is a closed biosphere
water for growth, development, and reproduction

8 abiotic components of the biosphere

6 biotic components of the biosphere

individual members of a species
a group of individuals of the same species in a particular area

an assemblage of populations of many different species that inhabit a particular area

all of the abiotic and biotic components associated with community structure

an assemblage of ecosystems that occupy broad geographic area

the sum of all the planets ecosystems

interrelationships and interactions among components of an ecosystem

humans are the only organisms on earth that can adversely perturb this balance of nature beyond normal fluctuations in cycles

5 ways humans act in the biosphere

overpopulation
cause
results
solutions

where does excess CO2 come from 2

6 examples of burning fossil fuels

excess methane comes from these 3 things

how does organic garbage
termintes produce excess methane

this is based on physiological systems and processes

nervous system's response to a stimulus and is carried out by the muscular or hormonal system

4 ways behavior helps an animal

behavior is subject to change due to NS

when observing behavior we need to look at these 2

mechanism that allows organisms to do something

how and why did this behavior arise in an evolutionary sense

proximate cause for the mouthless jelly fish

ultimate cause for mouthless jelly

costs of reflexive behavior 3

benefits of reflexive behavior 3

costs and benefits of reflexive behavior are survival related behaviors

developmentally fixed, can be exhibited, will have some environmental influences

modified by experience

a process that occurs when an animal learns to make a particular response to only one type of animal or object

environmental conditions influence the evolution of life history characteristics

is population growth rate

these selected species have traits that increase pop growth rate

is a populating carrying capacity

selected species that have traits that increase carrying capacity and competitive ability when populations fill the environment

4 features of r selection

4 features of k selection

4 benefits of r and k

in many species mating is promiscuous meaning

one male mates with one female

monogamous males and females have similar external morphologies

an individual of one sex mates with several individuals of another sex

2 types of polygamous relationships

species with polygamous relations are usually sexually dimorphic

one male mates with many females

example of polygyny

a male maximizes his reproductive success by

certainty of paternity influences these two (think in birds)

hauled out for months without feeding and rely on stored fat for energy

male and female energy sink in e-seal

conservation issues associated with reproduction of the e-seal

one female mates with many males

polyandry is a rare mating system

is relatively low in species with internal fertilization because mating and birth are separated over time

certainty of paternity is much higher when

external fertilization parental care is likely to be by males

female choice in finding a mate is considered

females drive sexual selection by choosing mates with

individuals in a population copy the mate choice of others

male competition for mates is a source of

this an reduce variation among males

male competition for mates make involve

ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource

inclusive fitness can account for the evolution of altruistic social behavior

NS favors behaviors that maximizes an individuals survival and reproduction

animals behave in ways that reduce their fitness to help increase another individuals fitness

altruistic example

is the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

hamilton's rule experiment

3 key variables in an altruistic act of hamiltons rule

NS favors altruism when

hamiltons rule

NS that favors this kind of altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

example of kin selection

nonreproductive individuals increase their inclusive fitness by helping the reproductive kings and queens pass on their genes

altruistic behavior towards unrelated individuals can be adaptive if aided individuals return the favor

reciprocal altruism is limited to species with stable social groups where individuals meet repeatedly and cheaters are punished

is learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of culture

is a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences individuals of a population

can alter behavior and influence the fitness of individuals

social learning of alarm calls

5 causes of the human impact on the N and P cycles

5 results of the human impact on the N and P cycles

solution to human impact on the N and P cycles

location and cause of human impact on C and H2O cycles, food web, and biodiversity (deforestation)

6 results of human impact on C and H2O cycles, food web, and biodiversity

6 solutions of human impact on C and H2O

how does ocean acidification work

the global rise in temperature

cause of human impact greenhouse effect

5 results of human impact on greenhouse effect

5 solutions to the human impact: greenhouse effect

dietary changes meaning for solutions

cause of acid rain

5 results of acid rain

3 solutions to acid rain

cause of garbage

4 results of garbage

3 solution to garbage

population growth rate equation
b
d

4 to what affects births and deaths

population bomb
intrinsic rate of increase

6N/6t=rN
numerator meaning
denominator meaning
r meaning
N meaning

exponential growth exquation

Nt+1=Nt + r(Nt)(K-Nt/K)
meaning

3 biologies behind the allele affect

2 reproductive challenges at low density

increased population risk at low density

3 cooperative behavior suffers at low density

genetic diversity in small populations is lower than for larger population

in each generation a proportion of neutral genetic diversity is lost

such effects occur every generation and losses accumulate with time

the predicted heterozygosity at generation any time is

2 important points of predicted heterozygosity at generation any time

mating of related individuals

often results in a chnage in the mean of a trait

inbreeding is practiced for these 2

inbreeding is unintentionally generated 3

genetic variance for fitness is caused by loci at which heterozygosity are more fit than both homozygotes. Inbreeding decreases the frequency of heterozygotes, increases the frequency of homozygotes so fitness is reduced

genetic variance for fitness is caused by rare deleterious alleles that are recessive or partly recessive; such alleles persist in populations because of recurrent mutation. Most copies of deleterious alleles in the base population are in heterozygotes. Inbreeding increases the frequency of homozygotes for deleterious alleles so fitness is reduced