-
Name the urine organic substances
- Urea
- Creatinine
- Uric acid
- Glucose
- Proteins
- Hormones
- Vitamins
- Metabolized meds
-
Name the urine inorganic substances
- Chloride
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Sulfate
- Phosphate
- Ammonium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
-
What part of the renal is a muscular tube that connects the pelvis of the kidney to the bladder?
Ureter
-
Urine is stored in the _________ until excretion through the ___________
- Stored in the bladder
- Excreted in the urethra
-
What is the outer and inner layers of the kidney?
- Cortex: outer layer
- Medulla: inner layer
-
What arteries and vein supply and circulate blood to the kidney?
- Abdominal aorta supplies blood to the renal artery
- Renal vein returns blood to the inferior vena cava
-
What is the functional part of the kidney and what does it do?
- Nephron: functional part of kidney
- Responsible for urine formation
-
What is the function of glomerulus?
Functions as a semipermeable membrane to make an ultra filtrate of the plasma that is protein free
-
What is the normal GFR formed per minute by the glomeruli?
115-125 mL/min
-
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tube?
- Reabsorbs:
- Water
- Na
- Cl
- K
- Urea
- Glucose
- Amino acids
-
What is the value of the renal threshold?
160-180 mg/dL
-
What is the function of the Loop of Henle?
Reabsorb Na and Cl
-
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
- Reabsorption of Na
- Secretion of H and K
-
What hormone controls the reabsorption of water, Na, Cl?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
-
What hormone controls the reabsorption of Na and water and the secretion of K and H into the filtrate?
Aldosterone
-
What is the function of the collecting duct?
Reabsorption of Na and Cl
-
What secretes renin?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys
-
What catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
Renin
-
What stimulates production of angiotensin II?
Angiotensin I
-
What regulates renal blood?
Angiotensin II
-
How does Angiotensin II work?
- Regulates blood by:
- Constriction of renal arterioles
- Secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands to facilitate retention of sodium
-
What does aldosterone do for the kidneys?
- Acts on the kidneys by promoting the reabsorption of Na from the filtrate and the secretion of K from the blood
- Reabsorbs Na
- Secretes K
-
What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do for the kidneys?
Promotes water reabsorption from the filtrate into the blood
-
What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do for the kidneys?
- Promotes Ca reabsorption from the filtrate
- Excretion of phosphate ions from blood
-
Where is erythropoietin produced?
Produced by the peritubular fibroblasts in the kidneys
-
What does erythropoietin do?
Stimulates RBC production in response to lowered oxygen levels
-
What condition:
Is an inflammation of the glomerulus seen in children and young adults
Can follow Group A Strep respiratory infection
Characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs, and casts (RBC, granular, and hyaline)
Acute glomerulonephritis
-
What condition:
A more serious condition than acute glomerulonephritis that may result in renal failure
Urinalysis results would be similar to acute glomerulonephritis (hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs, and casts)
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
-
What condition:
Inflammation of renal interstitutium that may be cause by an allergic reaction to meds
Characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs (especially Eos), and WBC casts
Acute interstitial nephritis
-
What condition:
Thickening of the glomerular capillary walls and basement membrane
Characterized by hematuria and proteinuria
Membranous glomerulonephritis
-
What condition:
May be caused by renal blood pressure irregularities
Characterized by proteinuria (>3.5 g/24 hr), hematuria, lipiduria, oval fat bodies, renal tubular epithelial cells, and casts (epithelial, fatty, and waxy)
Nephrotic syndrome
-
What condition:
Affects a specific number of glomeruli, not the entire glomerulus
Often seen in HIV patients
Characterized by hematuria and proteinuria
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-
What condition:
Results in a long-term progressive loss of renal function
characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, presence of casts (including broad)
Chronic glomerulonephritis
-
What condition:
An infection of the renal tubules caused by a urinary tract infection
Characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs, bacteria, and casts (WBC and bacterial)
Acute pyelonephritis
-
What condition:
Chronic infection of the tubules and interstitial tissue that may progress to renal failure
Characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, WBCs, bacteria, and casts (WBC, bacterial, granular, waxy, and broad)
Chronic pyelonephritis
-
What condition:
Tubular necrosis caused by nephrotoxic agents an other disease processes
Results in failure of the kidneys to filter blood
Renal failure
-
What test measures the amount of solute dissolved in a solution?
Osmolality
-
What test measures and is dependent on the solute dissolved in a solution AND the density of this solute?
Specific gravity
-
What 2 tests:
Can be used to evaluate renal concentrating ability
Monitor the course of renal disease
Monitor fluid and electrolyte therapy
- Osmolality
- Specific gravity
-
What test is used to assess renal waste removal and solute reabsorbing abilities?
- Creatinine clearance
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
- (Glomerular tests)
-
What test is used to assess glomerular filtration rate?
Creatinine clearance
-
What does a decreased clearance test indicate?
Compromised kidney function
-
What is the creatinine clearance formula?
 - U: Urine creatinine
- V: urine flow in mL/min
- P: plasma creatinine
- SA: body surface area
-
What is the reference range of creatinine clearance?
- Males: 105 +/- 20 mL/min/1.73 m2
- Females: 95 +/- 20 mL/min/1.73m2
-
What is the normal output of urine for an adult?
1200-1500 mL/24 hr
-
What is the term for decreased urine output because of dehydration?
Oliguria
-
What is the term for no urine output because of kidney damage or renal failure?
Anuria
-
What is the term for an increased urine output at night?
Nocturia
-
What is the term for an increased daily output of urine - may exceed 2 L/day?
Polyuria
-
What causes polyuria?
- Diabetes mellitus
- Diabetes insipidus
|
|
