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a specific form of disobedience in which people report corruption or unethical practice within an organisation
whistle blowing
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complying with orders from a person of higher social status within a defined hierarchy or chain of command
obedience to authority
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a syndrome of poor decision-making in which members of a cohesive ingroup strive for unanimity at the expense of a realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action
groupthink
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tendency to make decisions that are more extreme than the average of group members' initial positions, in the direction already favoured by the group
group polarisation
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individuals identify with a particular group and conform to a prototypical position
referent informational influence
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categorising oneself as a group member forms social identity and brings about various forms of both group (eg. polarisation, influence) and inter-group (eg. discrimination) behaviours
self-categorisation theory
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a change in private response after exposure to influence by others; internalised change; a change in the way one structures an aspect of reality
conversion
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a behavioural style indicating that the same position is maintained across time; seen as central to minority influence
consistency
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situation in which either an individual or a group in a numerical minority can influence the majority
minority influence (aka innovation)
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social influence resulting from exposure to the opinions of a majority, or the majority of one's group
majority influence (aka conformity)
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compliance to an initial attempt is followed by a more costly and less beneficial version of the same request
lowballing technique
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compliance technique in which the requester first asks for a small favour that is almost certain to be granted, then follows this up with a larger related favour
foot-in-the-door technique
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compliance technique in which the requester begins with an extreme request that is almost always refused, then retreats to a more moderate request, which he or she had in mind all along
door-in-the-face technique (aka reciprocal concessions)
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a response whereby the target of influence acquiesces to a request from the influence source (also refers to change in behaviour to match a norm without change on a private level)
compliance
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based on accepting the information obtained from others as evidence about reality
informational influence
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based on conforming to the positive expectations of others. People avoid behaving in ways that will lead to social punishment or disapproval
normative influence
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a state in which individuals are deprived of their sense of identity, and are more likely to behave in an extreme manner, often violating norms
deindividuation
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belief systems about how (not) to behave, that guide behaviour but without the force of laws, and reflect group members' shared expectations about typical or desirable activities
norms
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change of attitudes, beliefs, opinions and behaviour as a result of being exposed to other individuals' attitudes, beliefs, opinions, values and behaviour.
social influence
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a learned response to the presence of others when performing a task, whereby the performer experiences arousal when anticipating evaluation by these others
evaluation apprehension
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