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a metaphor for how social information is processed that likens social perceivers to academic researchers who formulate theories and use data to test hypotheses in order to predict and control behaviour
naive scientist model
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motivated distortions of attribution that function to maintain or increase self-esteem
self-serving attributional bias
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proposed general tendency for people to explain their own behaviour in more situational terms, but other people's behaviour in more dispositional terms
actor-observer difference
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attention-grabbing property of an object or events depending on perceptual features such as vividness, perceiver sensitivity or some combination of the two
salience
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the assumption that other people generally share one's own personal attitudes and opinions
false consensus bias
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systematic distortions in the sampling or processing of information about the causes of behaviour
attributional biases
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the idea that depressed people's interpretations of reality are more accurate than those of non-depressed people
depressive realism
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the proposal that depression results from learning that outcomes are not contingent on one's behaviour
learned helplessness theory
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comparison of the frequency of an effect in the presence of a potential cause with its frequency in the absence of that cause
probabilistic contrast
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an intrinsic property of an object or event enables it to exert influence on some other object or event
causal power
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the assumption that causal factors need to be stronger if an inhibitory influence on an observed effect is present
augmenting principle
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the presence of a causal factor working towards an observed effect implies that other potential factors are less influential.
discounting principle
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knowledge structure shaping attributions; may be either abstract representations, or domain-specific ideas about cause and effect
causal schema
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CCD
consensus, consistency and distinction
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evidence relating to how different actors behave towards the same object
consensus information
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evidence relating to how an actor's behaviour towards an object varies across different situations and times
consistency information
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evidence relating to how an actor responds to different objects (or entities) under similar circumstances
distinctiveness information
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proposes that observers work out the causes of behaviour by collecting data about comparison cases. Causality is attributed to the person, entity, or situation depending on which of these factors covaries with the observed effect
covariation theory
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the proposed tendency to infer a personal disposition corresponding to the observed behaviour even when the behaviour was determined by the situation
correspondence bias
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observers infer intentions behind actions by comparing the consequences of the behavioural options that were open to the actor and identifying distinctive outcomes
analysis of non-common effects
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proposes that observers infer correspondent intentions and dispositions for observed intentional behaviour under certain circumstances
correspondent inference theory
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the process whereby social perceivers arrive at conclusions about another person's behaviour
causal attribution
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when an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation. The social perceivers' initially incorrect beliefs about a target cause that target to act in ways that objectively confirm those beliefs
self-fulfilling prophecy
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perceivers compute the (weighted or unweighted) mean value of pieces of information about a person; when other information is strongly positive, additional mildly positive information yields a less positive impression
averaging
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a proposed process for averaging or summing trait information when forming impressions. (eg. warm and boring = more positive than cold and boring)
cognitive algebra
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a holistic approach to impression formation, implying that social perceivers actively construct deeper meanings out of the bits of information that they receive about other people
configural model
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an integrated set of ideas held by a social perceiver about how different traits tend to be organised within a person
implicit personality theory
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perceivers add together pieces of information about a person' when other information is strongly positive, additional mildly positive information yields a more positive impression
summation
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the tendency for earlier information to be more influential in social perception and interpretation
primacy effect
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a trait whose perceived presence doesn't significantly changed the overall interpretation of a person's personality
peripheral trait
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a dispositional characteristic of the personality viewed by social perceivers as integral to the organisation of the personality
central trait
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the process of collecting and interpreting information about another person's individual characteristics
social perception
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