What part of the nervous system performs information processing and integration?
A. central nervous system
B. somatic nervous system
C. parasympathetic nervous system
D. sympathetic nervous system
A. central nervous system
Which of the following is NOT a difference between graded potentials and action potentials?
A. Spatial summation is used to increase the amplitude of a graded potential; temporal summation is used to increase the amplitude of an action potential.
B. Graded potentials can result from the opening of chemically gated channels; action potentials require the opening of voltage-gated channels.
C. Greater stimulus intensity results in larger graded potentials, but not larger action potentials.
D. Graded potentials occur along dendrites, whereas action potentials occur along axons.
A. Spatial summation is used to increase the amplitude of a graded potential; temporal summation is used to increase the amplitude of an action potential.
Which of the following is a factor that determines the rate of impulse propagation, or conduction velocity, along an axon?
A. degree of myelination of the axon
B. length of the axon
C. the number of axon collaterals extending from a truncated axon
D. whether the axon is located in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system
A. degree of myelination of the axon
At which point of the illustrated action potential are the most gated Na+ channels open?
A
B
C
D
E
B
What type of stimulus is required for an action potential to be generated?
A. hyperpolarization
B. a threshold level depolarization
C. a suprathreshold stimulus
D. multiple stimuli
B. a threshold level depolarization
How is an action potential propagated along an axon?
A. An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area.
Why does the action potential only move away from the cell body?
A. The areas that have had the action potential are refractory to a new action potential.
B. The flow of the sodium ions only goes in one direction—away from the cell body
A. The areas that have had the action potential are refractory to a new action potential
The velocity of the action potential is fastest in which of the following axons?
C. a small myelinated axon
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the effects caused by binding of the ligand shown to the structure labeled C?
A. The ligand is transported into the postsynaptic neuron.
B. The ligand is transported into the presynaptic neuron.
C. The membrane potential of the presynaptic membrane changes.
D. The membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane changes.
D. The membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane changes.
Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). True or False
True
Which pattern of neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid and automatic responses
to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response?
A. oscillative processing
B. parallel processing
C. serial processing
D. reflexive processing
C. serial processing
Which of the following areas of the brain is responsible for spatial discrimination?
A. primary somatosensory cortex
B. vestibular cortex
C. Broca's area
D. gustatory cortex
A. primary somatosensory cortex
Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes?
A. gustatory cortex
B. frontal eye field
C. visual association area
D. primary visual cortex
B. frontal eye field
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
A. emotional responses
B. regulation of food intake
C. secretion of the hormone melatonin
D. regulation of body temperature
C. secretion of the hormone melatonin
In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex. True or False
True
Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system?
A. diencephalic and mesencephalic structures
B. cerebral and brain stem structures
C. cerebral and diencephalic structures
D. diencephalic and brain stem structures
C. cerebral and diencephalic structures
Which part of the brain is considered the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex?
A. pons
B. hypothalamus
C. mesencephalon
D. thalamus
D. thalamus
Prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone.
B. Stretch
Tests both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument.
A. Plantar
roduces a rapid withdrawal of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral.
E. Flexor
Consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex; important in maintaining balance.
E. Crossed-extensor
Produces muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to tension; the contracting muscle
relaxes as its antagonist is activated.
D. Tendon
Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers. True or False
True
The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.
A. parasympathetic innervation
B. vagus nerve activity
C. neurosecretory substances
D. sympathetic stimulation
D. sympathetic stimulation
The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________.
A. ciliary ganglion
B. submandibular ganglion
C. otic ganglion
D. pterygopalatine ganglion
A. ciliary ganglion
Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________.
A. dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles
B. constriction of most blood vessels
C. increase of heart rate and force
D. dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
D. dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?
A. first coccyx
B. second cervical
C. first thoracic
D. third lumbar
C. first thoracic
The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.
A. abducens
B. oculomotor
C. trochlear
D. optic
B. oculomotor
Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.
A. visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons
B. somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess
C. visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
D. visceral arcs do not use integration centers
C. visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following?
A. pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron
B. synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
C. ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
D. synapase with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
D. synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.
A. increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
B. decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
C. increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
D. decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
A. increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.
A. vagus nerve
B. phrenic nerve
C. sympathetic trunk
D. sacral nerve
A. vagus nerve
The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS. True or False
True
The adrenal medulla is considered a "misplaced" sympathetic ganglion by some. True or False
True
Where would you NOT find a cholinergic nicotinic receptor?
A. all parasympathetic target organs
B. all postganglionic neurons
C. skeletal muscle motor end plates
D. adrenal medulla hormone producing cells
A. all parasympathetic target organs
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.
A. cerebellum
B. thalamus
C. hypothalamus
D. medulla
C. hypothalamus
The parasympathetic tone ________.
A. causes blood pressure to rise
B. accelerates activity of the digestive tract
C. prevents unnecessary heart deceleration
D. determines normal activity of the urinary tract
D. determines normal activity of the urinary tract
Which of the following appears to exert the most direct influence over autonomic function?
A. medulla oblongata
B. hypothalamus
C. reticular formation
D. midbrain
C. reticular formation
Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?
A. regulation of body temperature
B. regulation of pupil size
C. regulation of respiratory rate
D. regulation of cardiac rate
A. regulation of body temperature
Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?
A. beta 3
B. beta 2
C. beta 1
D. alpha 1
C. beta 1
Alpha-adrenergic effects dominate the direct control of blood pressure. True or False
True
Norepinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers. True or False
False; adrenergic
β-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart. True or False
