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James in Contemporary
Theories
Humans can: reflect upon their own behavior regulate/control own behavior anticipate the actions of others
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What
are selves for
Survival Accomplish important goals Gain social acceptance*** Conform to social norms and roles
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social roles
the way in which we classify our selves can determine our social roles
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Self-concept is made up of self-schemas (Markus, 1977)
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Self-reference effect
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cocktail party affect
if you are ata party and you here your name you will automatically direct your attention there
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Looking- inward at one’s own thoughts and feelings
Are we good at this?
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Bem’s self-perception
theory
we process how we feel based on our own behaviors
im sad bbecause iam a sad person
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Social comparison theory
Festinger (1954): Social- comparison theory
We evaluate ourselves- by comparing us to others
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Private
self-awareness
Attending to your own inner states Emotions, thoughts, feelings, desires, traits
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Public self-awareness
Attending to how you are perceived by others Looking outward to understand the self
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two factor theorys of emotion
First comes arousal,- then comes our explanation/interpretation of it.
In uncertain- situations, we often look to others or the environment to figure out how we
- should cognitively interpret our own emotions.
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motives for seeking self knowledge
Appraisal motive – learn the truth about ourselvesSelf-enhancement motive – learn favorable things about- ourselves (involves a great deal of biases)
- Consistency
- motive-
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who has the most realisti views of them selves
depressed
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Positive illusions
People overestimate their good qualities, underestimate- faults
People overestimate control over events People are unrealistically optimistic
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Implicit egotism
: A nonconscious form of self-enhancement.
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5 ways to enhance
self-esteem:
Self-serving- cognitions
Self-handicapping Basking in the- reflected glory (BIRG)
Cutting off reflectedfailure (CORF)Downward social- comparison
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Self-monitoring
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self regulation
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Ideal
self
- representation
- of attributes that one ideally would like to possess (e.g., hopes, aspirations,
- wishes)
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Ought
self
- representation
- of attributes that one believes one ought or should possess (e.g., duties,
- obligations, responsibilities
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Ideal
- The beliefs about
- the attributes one would like to have ideally. i would love to be attractive
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Cognitive
dissonance (Festinger
A state of tension that occurs whenever an individual- simultaneously holds two cognitions (ideas, attitudes, beliefs, opinions) that
- are psychologically inconsistent.
- The
- occurrence of cognitive dissonance is unpleasant – people are motivated to
- reduce it.
- like if you are a good person , but you kill someone you will feell it
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