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the science of food, water, nutrients (biomolecules) and the way in which living
organisms utilize them
nutrition
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a substance needed by the body in relatively large amounts includes
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
macronutrients
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a substance needed by the body in relatively small amounts includes vitamins (eg. B12, A, Folic Acid, etc)
and minerals (Ca, Fe, Co, etc.)
micronutrients
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Besides micronutrients and macronutrients, what are two other things the body needs?
- Water
- Fiber (to aid in digestion)
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the sum of all biochemical reactions occurring in an organism (all reactions occurring within a living cell)
metabolism
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reactions that lead to the breakdown of the biomolecules (energy is released)
catabolism
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reactions that lead to the synthesis of biomolecules (energy is used up)
anabolism
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What are the 3 stages involved in the catabolism of food?
- 1. Hydrolysis of biomolecules
- 2. Formation of acetyle coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
- 3. Citric Acid cycle and electron transport to produce ATP
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carbohydrates break down during digestion into...
glucose and other simple sugars
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Proteins break down into...
amino acids
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The breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins can be categorized as _______ reactions
hydrolysis
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What type of molecules undergo beta-oxidation to produce Acetyl CoA?
fatty acids and glycerol
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What type of molecules undergo glycolysis to produce Acetyl CoA?
carbohydrates (glucose)
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Does the formation of Acetyl CoA produce any energy?
Yes, it releases some energy
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When Acetyl CoA is ____ in the citric acid cycle this yields ___ and ____
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ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
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ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
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AMP
Adenosine monophosphate
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Rank the following from lowest to highest power output: lipids, glucose, proteins
- proteins (low power, longer lasting)
- lipids
- glucose (high power, fast energy)
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Is ATP used for long term energy storage?
No, just short term. ATP gets hydrolyzed withing about a minute
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What kind of work can ATP provide energy for?
- Chemical work (biosynthesis)
- Mechanical work (muscle contraction)
- Osmotic work (active transport across cell membrane)
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Anabolism of amino acids yields ___ such as ___
- proteins
- (hair, skin, muscle)
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Anabolism of fatty acids yields ___
steroids
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Anabolism of sugars (monosaccharides) yields...
glycogen (for energy storage)
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Name an energy-rich molecules that is a primary energy carrier in the body
ATP
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Name two molecules that supply electrons to the electron transport chain
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