-
Europe
- Britain
- France
- Spain
- Germany
- Italy
- Russia (west of Ural Mountains)
- Holy Roman Empire succeeded by Austrian Empire then Austria-Hungary
-
East Asia
- China
- Japan
- Korea
- Mongolia
- Taiwan
-
Central Asia
Silk Road Route up to the Caspian Sea
-
Southeast Asia
- Vietnam
- Philippines
- Malaysia
- Indonesia
-
South Asia
- Afghanistan
- Pakistan
- India
- Bangladesh
-
Middle East
- Egypt after 9th century
- Iran
- Iraq
- Turkey (Umayyad/Abbasid Caliphate
- Ottoman Empire)
- Arabian peninsula
-
North Africa
Algeria, Ancient Egypt, Morocco, Libya
-
Sub-Saharan Africa
- West (Nigeria, Mali, Ghana)
- Central (Congo)
- South (Republic of South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho)
- East (Swahili Coast)
-
-
Latin America
- Mexico
- Central America
- Caribbean
- South America
-
Oceania
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Polynesian Islands
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