Leadership

Leadership is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals

the use of power in influence individuals to get things done

it is a process not a property of a person

the most important part of leadership, it describes the action or process by which one person is able to direct another individual towards a desired outcome

Heroic or Great Man theories

Mostly traits

Ohio State = 1) consideration behaviors

2) Initiating structure

leaders is mindful of subordinates. They are friendly and develop teamwork

extent to which a leader is task oriented and directs subordinates work activities toward goal achievement. These leaders give instruction, plan, emphasize deadlines, and detailed work schedules

• Two types 
• 1) Employee centered leaders
• 2) Job centered leaders

high performance goals and supportive behavior toward subordinates

less concerned with human needs and goal achievement. They are more about results.

the probability that a person can carry out their own will despite resistance

5 different types of power.

• 1) Reward = reward/benefits
• 2) Coercive = Fear of punishment 
• 3) Expert = knowledge 
• 4) Legitimate = right to power/authority
• 5) Referent = friendship/identification

These powers are perceived and not actual powers that affect the desired outcome

use it to influence individuals to contribute to the organizations goals

Task-motivated: leaders who focus on completing a given task

Relationship motivated: leaders who focus on people and relationships

Individualism: individuals identify with themselves. They care about themselves. 

Collectivism: Individuals identify with the group

Masculinity: achievement  heroism, assertiveness, and material success. 

Femininity: values of relationships, cooperation, group decisions, no specific gender roles, quality of life

Transformational and transactional

transforms and inspires people

people are motivated by reward and punishment

Second type of theft, the first is called robbery

exists when employees have positive feelings about and feel ownership for the organization

screen applicants, hiring practices, thorough and skillful interview.

employee awareness training that says whats acceptable and how all employees will be affected by unethical decisions and behavior

Being an example.

What an individual communicates to others

communicates what is and isn't acceptable.

employees have access to management. If this isn't available employees will lose perspective of how their decisions and behavior affects others

programs designed to help employees deal with personal problems and challenges. Might include marital problem, substance abuse, etc.

traditionally many organizations operated under a management by instruction philosophy where employees were told exactly what to do and how to do it

employees are instructed on what needs to be done then given their freedom to pursue their given objectives

everyone within the organization knows and lives by certain defined values such as hard work, integrity, creativity, and trust

planning, organizing, leading, and controlling

influencing others

*there is no set definition for leadership but we use PIG

Everyone is influencing others to reach the organizations goals.

Yes, and its an action between the leader and the follower

motivation

At least one

Great men and Heroic theories. These are based on the personal traits of the leader

they were only applicable to few individuals who changed the course of history

*most of the public still believes the great men theory

Personal characteristics of a leader

In 1974 analyzed over 160 previous leadership studies. Found that both trait and situational factors are important to leadership

Appealing because it allows people to focus on and learn specific traits to become more effective leaders. Can be applied to almost any organization.

how behavior influences leadership. Examples of these are the Ohio st and Michigan studies

measured leadership based upon three separate dimensions

• 1) concern for people
• 2) concern for production
• 3) motivation

behavior method limited because it only focused on what mangers did most of the time and didn't suggest how it might change depending on the situation

no one style of leadership should be applied in all situation. Effective leaders must match their leadership style to both the competence and commitment of their followers

effective leaders must be able to understand what employees need and adopt their own leadership styles to meet those needs.

It is more of a major change to a follower focus than a leader focus 

*400 out of 500 fortune 500 companies have used situational approach

a leaders effectiveness depends on how well the leaders style fits the context. Contingency theory affects both style and situations.

leadership styles are either task motivated or relationship motivated

because it does not require an individual to be an effective leader in every situation, it has gained popularity

requires a leader to use the style of leadership that best fits subordinates motivational needs

workers will be motivated if they believe they are capable, believe the efforts will result in a certain outcome, and believe the work is worthwhile.

based on personal characteristics of the follow and the environmental pressures and demands to obtain goals. 

5 dimensions

• 1) valences: leaders must understand what followers believe
• 2) Insturmentalist: high performance outcomes
• 3) Expectancy: by understanding expectancy 
• 4) Equity of reward: levels and types of rewards
• 5) Accuracy of role perceptions: clearly define the route to effective employee performance

match situations with leader behaviors

• 1) directive = tell employees what's expected of them
• 2) supportive = similar to consideration behavior, leaders show interest and concern for followers 
• 3) Participative leadership = leader invest ideas and opinions from subordinates, but makes final decision 
• 4) Achievement oriented = established attainable goals and challenges team members to achieve them.

• provides framework to better understand how directive, supportive, participative, and achievement oriented leadership styles influence others 
• *takes into account expectancy theory 
• *its complex so not used in development programs

* been criticized for not involving followers in decision making process

power = to be able to

emotional stability, agreeableness, and integrity

type of transformation leadership 

*ignites the fire of followers 

* these leaders are confident, competent, and good communicators

*Technology is never the actual cause of transformation

great companies don;t need to focius on motivating employees, managing change, or creating alignment within the organization. Under the right conditions these will take place. Greatness is a conscious choice.

Personal humility and professional will. May seem like shy and self effacing leaders 

*look for extraordinary results without individual footprints

genuine and real leaders.

• * important for social and political leaders
• *don;t change their values regardless of the situation 
• * requires leaders to understand themselves

set of norms, ideas, beliefs, and way of thinking of a group of individuals 

*by 10 basic value systems are in place

nationality, language, and religion

Humane orientation: degree to which a society encourages and rewards individuals for being fair and caring for others 

*globe validates and extends hofstedes original work

difficult to define, no one code or law

• how to attain release from the cycle of rebirth that bind mankind
• *Nirvana

one of the fastest growing religions

* Muhammad, 1/5 of the worlds population

Islam = religionMuslim = people practicing religionArab = speak Arabic

12-14 hrs a day. 6 am to 8 pm. Chile 48 hrs. Europe 35.

= moral principles and values than an individual uses to decide whether an action is appropriate.

actions of a person or organization that may negatively influence or impact another individual

values and principles that are used to evaluate whether the collective behavior of members of an organization are appropriate.

• 1) consequences of managers actions
• 2) rules or duties of managers

consequences or end result of an action

moral obligation and responsibilities of individuals to do the right thing

act in a way that has a positive outcome

greatest good for the greatest number of people

utilitarianism with individualistic approach.

decision making should be based on whether an action is right or wrong. Disclose all information

individuals have fundamental rights and liberties that can't be taken away 

*political area

All members of society should be treated fairly

treatment of individuals should not be based on arbitrary characteristics

all rules distributed equally to all members of society

• 1) Perceived pressure
• 2) Perceived opportunity
• 3) Perceived rationalization, "high need to achieve type of people."