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Pairs of Cranial nerves, #, sensory, or mixed, and the nerve they innervate.(12)
- 1. Olfactory-(sensory), smell, innervates eyes...
- 2. Optic-(sensory), vision,innervates eyes...
- 3. Oculomotor-(mixed), innervates extrinsic eye muscles
- 4. Trochlear-(mixed), innervates extrinsic eye muscles
- 5. Trigeminal-(mixed) innervate face
- 6. Abducen's-(mixed), innervate extrinsic eye muscles
- 7. Facial-(mixed), innervate face
- 8. Vestibulocochlear-(sensory) innervates ear...
- 9. Glossopharyngeal-(mixed) innervate tongue and pharynx
- 10. Vagus-(mixed), innervate most visceral
- 11. Accessory-(mixed), innervate head and neck
- 12. Hypoglossal-(mixed), innervate tongue and pharynx
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Describe structure of spinal chord and how many spinal nerves do we have?
31 nerves that contain layers of protective connective tissue coverings
Endoneurium-wraps axons (myelinated or unmyelinated)
Fasicles-holds bundles of axons together
Perineurium-wraps fasicles
Epineurium-outermost covering
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What is Plexus?
joined axons on both sides of body with various number of axons from anterior rami of adjacent nerves
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What is a reflex?
Fast involuntary unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to stimulus
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5 functional components of reflex arc
Sensor receptor-distal end of sensory neuron responds to stimulus
sensory neurons-impulse from receptor travel to neuron to axon terminal in gray matter
Inttegrating Center-One or more regions of gray matter a single synapse between sensory neuron and neuron
Motor neuron-Impulses triggered by integrating center propagate out of CNS along motor neuron to part of body
Effector-Responds to motor impulse such as muscle or gland, action is called reflex
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Describe the difference between a somatic reflex and autonomic reflex.
Somatic Reflex(SNS voluntary)-Effectors are skeletal muscles; Involve contraction of skeletal muscles, motor responses. Conscientiously perceived.
Autonomic Reflex(ANS involuntary)-Effectors are glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscles; Unconsciously perceived responses of smooth muscles cardiac muscle and glands
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Compare somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
- Somatic nervous system-Includes both sensory and motor neurons.
- Effectors are skeletal muscles.
Autonomic nervous system-Effectors are glands, cardiac muscles and smooth muscles impulses from sensory neurons. Operates via reflex arcs. Produces involuntary movements.
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What are the subdivisions of (ANS) Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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Compare neurotransmitters of ANS and SNS
ANS neurotransmitters(involuntary)-All sympathetic, parasympathetic preganglionic (myelinated) neurons and postganglionic(unmeyilinated) release ACH.
SNS neurotransmitters(voluntary)-All somatic motor neurons release ACH
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Describe what spinal nerves branch to
- Posterior/Dorsal ramus-serve muscle and skin of posterior trunk
- Anterior/ventral ramus- serve muscles and structures of limbs and the skin of the lateral and anterior trunk
- Meningeal branch-supply the vertebrae, spinal chord and meninges, and rami communicantes
- Rami communicantes-
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What are the sympathetic responses and what name is it also known for?
- Fight or Flight
- -pupils, airways dilate
- -blood pressure increase, heart rate increase, heart contraction forced and increased
- -Faster movement of air into lungs
- -Blood flow decrease
- -Urine formation, digestive activities slows or stops completely/Inhibition
- Medulla intensify and prolong responses
- -Release of adrenaline
- -Motor neurons go to sweat glands
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What are the Parasympathetic responses and what is it also known for?
Rest and digest division(everything slows down; ex: after eating, you get tired)
- -decreased heart rate
- -decreased diameter of airways/breathing rate
- -decreased diameter of pupils/constriction
- -increased salivation,lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation
- -No effect on sweat glands and norepinephrine
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What are the locations of cell bodies?
- Sympathetic: Neuron cell bodies located in dendrites
- Preganglioc in the lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal chord; axons leave
Postganglionic cell bodies in ganglia next to spinal chords on both sides
Parasympathetic- preganglionic Neuron cell bodies located in brain stem and gray matter of sacrum
Postganglions cell bodies are in terminal ganglion
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