(5) Describe energy transformations that occur when u climb to top of a stairway
U convert Chemical Energy from food to Kinetic Energy of upward climb. At top of stairs, some energy has been stored as Potential Energy cuz of higher elevation. The rest has converted to Heat
(5) _____ is capacity to perform work, while _____ is a measure of randomness
Energy; entropy
(5) The label on a candy bar says that contains 150 Cal. If u could convert all of that energy to heat, u could raise the temp of how much water by 15'C?
10,000 g (or 10 kg);
REMEMBER 1 Cal on food label = 1000 Cal of Heat Energy
(5) Why does removing a phosphate group from triphosphate tail in a molecule of ATP release energy?
3 Phosphate groups store Chem Energy (Form of Potential Energy)
Release of a phosphate group makes some of this Potential Energy available to cells to perform work
(5) Ur digestive system uses a variety of enzymes to break down large food molecules into smaller ones that ur cells can assimilate. A generic name for a digestive enzyme is Hydrolase. What is the chemical basis for that name?
Hydrolases are Enzymes that participate in Hydrolysis Reactions, breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules that make them up
(5) Explain how an inhibitor can disrupt an enzyme's action w/out binding to active site
An inhibitor's binding to another site on enzyme can cause Enzyme's active site to change shape
(5) IF someone at the other end of a restaurant smokes a cigarette, u may breathe in some smoke. The movement of smoke is similar to what type of transport?
C. diffusion
(5) The total solute concentration is a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose can't pass thru red blood cell's plasma membrane, but water & urea can. Osmosis will cause such a cell to shrink the most when the cell is immersed in which of the following?
D. HYPERtonic sucrose solution
(5) Explain why its not enough just to say that a solution is hypertonic
Relative: Hypertonic & Hypotonic
A Hypertonic solution to tap water could be Hypotonic to seawater.
Using these terms, u must provide a COMPARISON, as in "The solution is hypertonic to cell's cytoplasm"
(5) What is primary diff between Passive & Active Transport in terms of concentration gradients?
Passive Transport moves atoms or molecules along their concentration gradient (from higher to lower concentration), while active transport moves them against their concentration gradient
(5) Which of these types of cellular transport require(s) energy?
A. active transport
(5) A ______ ________ _________ is process that links the reception of a cell signal to a response w/in cell
Signal Transduction Pathway
(6) Which of the following statements is correct distinction between Autotrophs & Hetertrophs?
C. Only Autotrophs can live on nutrients that are entirely inorganic
(6) Why are plants called Producers? Why are animals called Consumers?
Plants produce organic molecules by photosynthesis.
Consumers must acquire organic material by consuming it rather than making it
(6) How is ur breathing related to ur Cellular Respiration?
In breathing, ur lungs exchange CO2 & O2 between ur body & the atmosphere.
In Cellular Respiration, ur cells consume the O2 in extracting energy from food & release CO2 as waste product
(6) Of the 3 stages of Cellular Respiration, which produces the most ATP molecules per glucose?
the ETC
(6) In Glycolysis, ________ is oxidized & _________ is reduced
Glucose; NAD+
(6) The final electron acceptor of ETCs in mitochondria is _________.
O2
(6) Poison cyanide acts by blocking a key step in ETC. Knowing this, explain why cyanide kills so quickly
Majority of energy provided by Cellular Respiration is generated during ETC. Shutting down that pathway will deprive cells of energy very quickly
(6) Cells can harvest the most chem energy from which of the following?
A. glucose molecule
(6) __________ is metaboluc pathway common to both Fermentation & Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
(6) Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of
D. lactic acid
(6) A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic one. For cell to continue to generate ATP at the same rate, approximately how much glucose must it consume in anaerobic environment compared w/ aerobic environment?
Cuz Fermentation supplies only 2 ATP per glucose molecule compared w/ 38 from cellular respiration, the yeast will have to consume 19x as much glucose to produce same amount of ATP
(7) The light reactions take place in structures of chloroplast called the ________, while Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
Thylakoids; Stroma
(7) In terms of spatial organization of photosynthesis w/in chloroplast, what's advantage of the light reactions producing NADPH & ATP on stroma side of thylakoid membrane?
Calvin cycle, which consumes NADPH & ATP, occurs in Stroma
(7) Which of the following are inputs to photosynthesis? Which are outputs?
A. CO2
B. O2
C. sugar
D. H2O
E. light
Inputs:
--A.CO2
--D.H2O
--E.light
Outputs:
--B. O2
--C. sugar
(7) What color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis? Why?
Green light
Reflected by chlorophyll, not absorbed, & therefore can't drive photosynthesis
(7) When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by splitting molecules of _________.
H2O
(7) Which of the following are produced by reactions that take place in Thylakoids & are consumed by reactions in Stroma?
B. ATP & NADPH
(7) The reactions of Calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light, & yet they usually don't occur at night. Why?
They require outputs of light reactions (ATP & NADPH)
(7) Why is it difficult for most plants to carry out photosynthesis in very hot, dry environments, such as deserts?
Most plants close their Stomata, which saves water but decreases amount of CO2 available inside leaves
(7) What is primary advantage offered by C4 & CAM pathways?
C4 & CAM plants can close their Stomata & save water w/out shutting down Photosynthesis
(7) Of the following metabolic processes, which one is common to Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration?
A. reactions that store energy by pumping H+ across membranes
