week 11

the tension developed by the heart during contraction; it is an important determinant of myocardial energy consumption, as it represents the resistance against which the ventricle must pump and indicates how much effort the ventricles must put forth to force blood into the systemic circulation. Factors that increase afterload include aortic and pulmonarystenosis, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, and high peripheral resistance

generalized massive edema.

A localized, blood-filled dilation of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall.

 

a procedure used to widen vessels narrowed by stenoses or occlusions

a condition characterized by an absence of oxygen supply to an organ or a tissue

a non-surgical procedure to open blocked coronary arteries or vein grafts by using a device on the end of a catheter to cut or shave away atherosclerotic plaque

A deposit or degenerative accumulation of lipid-containing plaques on the innermost layer of the wall of an artery

a rapid cardiac rate, usually 160–190 per minute, originating from an atrial locus.

a condition of congestive heart failure in which the heart is unable to ensure adequate cellular perfusion in all parts of the body without assistance. Causes may include myocardial infarction, increased workload, infection, toxins, or defective heart valves.

the surgical division of a fibrous band or ring connecting corresponding parts of a body structure. A commissurotomy is commonly performed to separate the thickened, adherent leaves of a stenosed mitral valve

the period between contractions of the atria or the ventricles during which blood enters the relaxed chambers from the systemic circulation and the lungs. Ventricular diastole begins with the onset of the second heart sound and ends with the first heart sound

infection of endocardium, the inner lining of the heart muscle, which also covers the heart valves

infection of epicarditis, the outermost of the three layers of tissue that form the heart wall

reduction of oxygen supply to a tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood

occurring during the period when circulation to a region of the heart is obstructed and necrosis is occurring.

an insufficient supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery.

defective functioning of the mitral valve, with incomplete closure causing mitral regurgitation.

dyspnea that is relieved in the upright position

• –An inflammation of the visceral and/or
• parietal pericardium

• –May result in cardiac compression, ¯ LV
• filling and emptying, and cardiac failure

–Pericardial friction rub

a resistance to the flow of blood determined by the tone of the vascular musculature and the diameter of the blood vessels. It is responsible for blood pressure when coupled with stroke volume.

a resistance to the flow of blood determined by the tone of the vascular musculature and the diameter of the blood vessels. It is responsible for blood pressure when coupled with stroke volume.

the difference between the heart rate and the pulse rate in atrial fibrillation.

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

the pressure of blood in the veins

cessation of ventricular contractions, marked by absence of ventricular complexes in the electrocardiogram.

a rapid heart beat that originates in one of the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart.

• –Results when the infarcted
• myocardial wall becomes thinned and bulges outward during contraction

–Ventricular rupture

rupture of heart structures caused by necrosis of tissue

–Causes mitral valve regurgitation

• –This condition aggravates an already
• compromised left ventricle

–Characterized by pericarditis with pericardial effusion and fever that develops 4 to 6 weeks after MI

–An antigen-antibody reaction to the necrotic myocardium

found in the _myocardium –most specific to cardiac muscle

• have a greater sensitivity & specificity in detecting myocardial injury. They show myocardial damage quicker than CK levels
• •Three forms of Troponin (I, T and C) each with several isoforms

•Troponin C is found in some skeletal muscles and is therefore not diagnositic of heart damage.

•Troponin T is most strongly predictive of mortality following MI (the higher the Troponin T, the greater the chance of death within 30 days).

• Occurs when inadequate O2 & nutrients are supplied to the tissues b/c of severe LV failure
• • If more that 40% of the LV is damaged circulatory collapse progresses rapidly
• • Decreased B/P, pulses, shallow respirations, altered LOC, restless, clammy skin, decreased UO, EKG changes