Patho II Exam 4

ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

the master gland

found under the circle of willis

composed of two parts:

1. Anterior
2. Posterior

controls skeletal growth, the thyroid and adrenal glands, and sexual development

controls smooth muscle contraction, as in birth and peristalsis

the adenohypophysis

one of the secretions is somatotropin or the human growth hormone (HGH)

stimulates the growth of bone & soft tissue

problems with the secretion of somatotropin (HGH) will possibly lead to one of the following:

the result of a condition of hyperpituitarism during childhood (2)

a hypersecretion of somatotropin occurs while a child is still actively growing

leads to the growth of a child into a giant or abnormally tall person

usually sexually impotent & frequently die of diabetes

a hypersecretion of somatotropin after bones have solidified and can no longer grow

characterized by enlargement of the bones and soft tissues of the hands, feet, and head

especially the frontal bone, jaws, nose lips, and ears

"Lion face" appearance

will eventually lead to sexual impotence, drowsiness, and possibly obesity

typically caused by the growth of an adenoma (2)

the result of hypopituitarism during early life

a hyposecretion of somatotropin from the adenohypophysis

person remains quite small and never develops any secondary sex characteristics

a hyposecretion of somatotropin in adulthood

leads to mental dullness and lethargy in adults

gland responsible for Diabetes insipidus

the result of hypofunction of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

a hyposecretion of the antidiuretic hormone occurs

leads to the passing of large quantities of urine (polyuria)

polyuria accompanies excessive thirst (polydipsia)

found to be idiopathic in half of the cases

trauma to the head or a tumor in that area causes the remainder of cases

pituitary cachexia

a condition in which there is complete atrophy of the pituitary gland

leads to a loss of function of the thyroid, adrenal and gonad glands

necrosis of the gland

Simmond's disease characterized by the following:

consists of two lateral lobes

found in the neck on either side of the windpipe

secretes the hormone thyroxin

regulates general body metabolism

influences body growth and development

exerts an influence over the nervous system

enlargement of the thyroid gland

can be due to lack of iodine in diet, inflammation from infection, tumors, hyper or hyposecretion of thyroxin

caused by a lack of iodine in the diet

the gland enlarges in an effort to compensate and secrete more thyroxin

enlargement of the thyroid gland in an effort to compensate and secrete more thyroxin

the condition resulting from congenital hypofunction of the thyroid gland

Cretinism is characterized by a lack of physical and mental development(4)

the condition resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland in adulthood

myxedema characterized by: (6)

an over-active thyroid

a goiter could develop due to hyperplasia

the condition resulting from prolonged hyperthyroidism

exopthalmic goiter

eye pushes out

the gland enlarges and produces excessive amounts of thyroxin

more prevalent in females

Grave's Disease is characterized by(6)

frequent in young adults and can lead to heart damage because of fibrillation

regulates blood calcium levels

secretes parathormone

regulates blood calcium levels

a condition due to hypofunction of the parathyroid glands

lowered amounts of parathormone are secreted

calcium levels in the blood are reduced

causes nerve cells to become irritable and overactive

leads to spasmatic muscular twitching, abnormal reflexes and convulsive seizures

usually fatal due to constant contractions of the heart muscle

slows blood coagulation

increased amount of parathormone is secreted

calcium is drawn out of the bones and into the bloodstream

results in hypercalcemia & bone absorption

hypercalcemia & bone absorption will cause (4)

fibrous cysts may form in the bones causing a condition known as

located on top of the kidneys

Adrenal glands are composed of two layers

cortex of this gland is essential to life

the cortex secretes several hormones that regulate (3):

Diseases of the Adrenal Glands (3)

a condition due to the hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

affects the hormones that regulate metobolism and blood pressure

Addison's Disease is characterized by(4)

usually caused by a chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency as a part of an autoimmune disorder

caused by a meningococcal infection of the blood

causes acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage into the adrenal gland

a condition due to the hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex

due to excess exposure to hormones called glucocorticoids (steroids)

most often a complication of steroid treatments for inflammation

Cushing's Disease is characterized by: (7)

a heterocrine gland

both endocrine & exocrine functions

the endocrine function takes place in the Islets or Islands of Langerhans

the Pancreas produces two hormones

Lowers blood sugar levels

Raises blood sugar levels

a condition caused by a deficiency in insulin secretion

causes a disorder in carbohydrate metabolism

sugars cannot be carried into the cells and a buildup in the bloodstream ensues

buildup in the bloodstream ensues

when the cells have no glucose to use, they begin metabolizing fats and proteins

with excess fat in the bloodstream, several of the following complications occur (5)

predisposes to myocardial infarctions, gangrene, blindness

last one due to affect on capillaries of the retina

the most serious form of Diabetes Mellitis

the less serious form of Diabetes Mellitis

usually requires hypodermic injections of insulin and special diet

can be controlled with diet and oral medications

actually a part of the adrenal cortex

has to do with the secretion of androgen and estrogen

a condition caused by a hyperfunction of the gonads

appears to be premature puberty

hypersecretion of estrogen in females & androgen in males

a condition caused by a hyperfunction of the gonads

involves a hypersecretion of androgen in females & estrogen in males

Androgenital syndrome in females leads to: (4)

Androgenital syndrome in males leads to: (3)

atrophy of the testes or ovaries due to old age

diseases of the gonad glands

A hypersecretion of androgen in females and estrogen in males will lead to what disease?

A hypersecretion of estrogen in females of androgen in males will lead to what disease?

A hypersecretion of parathormone will cause what disease?

A hyposecretion of parathormone will cause what disease?

A lack of mental and physical development, including possible dwarfism, slow bone development, low body temperature, and retarded mentalactivity may be indicative of what condition?

A meningococcal infection of the blood may cause what disease of the adrenal glands?

Acromegaly is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Addison's disease is due to the malfunction of what gland?

An acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage is indicative of what disease?

Androgenital syndrome is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Cretinism is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Cushing's disease is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Diabetes insipidus is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Diabetes mellitus is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Dwarfism is usually due to the malfunction of what gland?

Enlargement of the bones and soft tissues of the hands, feet and head is characteristic of what disease?

Giantism is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Give two characteristics of a giant.

Grave's disease is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Hyperoalcemia and bone absorption may occur in what condition?

Hyperfunction of the gonad glands will cause what two conditions?

Hypofunction of the posterior lobe of the pituitary leads to what condition?

Hypofunction of the thyroid gland in adulthood will cause what condition?

Hypofunction of the thyroid gland in childhood will cause what condition?

Myxedema is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Pituitary cachexia is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Precociousness is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Prolonged hyperthyroidism may lead to what condition?

Simmond's disease is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Spasmatic muscular twitching, abnormal reflexes and convulsive seizures may indicate what disease?

The atrophy of the testes or ovaries in old age is the condition of what disease?

The gonad glands are actually a part of what?

The presence of a mucouslike edema may be a symptom of what condition?

The thyroid gland exerts an influence over what functions?(2)

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is due to the malfunction of what gland?

Weight loss, atrophy of internal organs, loss of sexual function and premature aging may be
indicative of what disease?

What are all the characteristics of Cushing's disease?

What are both names for the hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis?

What are the characteristics of a dwarf?

What are the characteristics of Addison's disease?

What are the characteristics of an adult with hypopituitarism?

What are the characteristics of Grave's disease?

What are the characteristics of hyperparathyroidism?

What are the characteristics of myxedema?

What are the characteristics of one with diabetes insipidus?

What are the complications of diabetes mellitus?

What are the symptoms of androgenitial syndrome in females?

What are the symptoms of androgenital syndrome in males?

What causes diabetes insipidus?

What could lead to a loss of function of the thyroid, adrenal and gonad glands?

What disease appears to be premature puberty?

What will acromegaly eventually lead to?

What do the hormones of the adrenal cortex regulate?

What do the parathyroid glands regulate?

What does a deficiency of insulin cause?

What does glucagon do?

What does insulin do?

What does the hormone somatotropin control?

What does thyroxin regulate?

What functions does the anterior pituitary control?

What functions does the posterior pituitary control?

What gives a "lion-faced" appearance?

What happens in the body when lowered levels of parathormone are secreted? List all of the
symptoms.

What happens to the thyroid gland when a hyperfunction occurs?

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?

What hormones are affected by Addison's disease?

What hormones are produced by the pancreas?

What hormones are secreted by the gonad glands?

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What is another name for the pituitary gland?

What is caused by a chronic, adrenal cortical insufficiency?

What is the actual condition of too much sugar in the bloodstream called?(2)

What is the condition of complete atrophy of the pituitary gland?

What may cause goiter?

What part of the adrenal glands is essential to life?

What type of hormone is secreted from the posterior pituitary?

What type of malfunction occurs in Addison's disease?

What type of malfunction occurs in Cushing's disease?

What type of malfunction occurs in diabetes mellitus?

What will a hypersecretion of somatotropin in adulthood cause?

What will a hypersecretion of somatotropin in childhood cause?

What will a hyposecretion of somatotropin in adulthood cause?

What will a hyposecretion of somatotropin in childhood cause?

What will increase the blood-calcium levels?

What will reduce the blood-calcium levels?

When body cells don't have enough glucose to metabolize, what happens?

Where are the adrenalglands located?

Where does the endocrine function of the pancreas occur

Where does the excess calcium come from in the condition of hyperparathyroidism?

Where is the pituitary gland found?

Where is the thyroid gland found?

Who is most often affected by hyperthyroidism?