-
ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
-
the master gland
pituitary gland
-
found under the circle of willis
pituitary gland
-
composed of two parts:
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
pituitary gland
-
controls skeletal growth, the thyroid and adrenal glands, and sexual development
Anterior pituitary gland
-
controls smooth muscle contraction, as in birth and peristalsis
Posterior pituitary gland
-
the adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary
-
one of the secretions is somatotropin or the human growth hormone (HGH)
Anterior pituitary
-
stimulates the growth of bone & soft tissue
-
problems with the secretion of somatotropin (HGH) will possibly lead to one of the following:
- 1. Giantism/Gigantism
- 2. Acromegaly
- 3. Dwarfism
- 4. Adult onset Hypopituinarism
-
the result of a condition of hyperpituitarism during childhood (2)
- 1. Giantism/Gigantism
- 2. Acromegaly
-
a hypersecretion of somatotropin occurs while a child is still actively growing
Giantism/Gigantism
-
leads to the growth of a child into a giant or abnormally tall person
Giantism/Gigantism
-
usually sexually impotent & frequently die of diabetes
Giantism/Gigantism
-
a hypersecretion of somatotropin after bones have solidified and can no longer grow
Acromegaly
-
characterized by enlargement of the bones and soft tissues of the hands, feet, and head
especially the frontal bone, jaws, nose lips, and ears
Acromegaly
-
"Lion face" appearance
Acromegaly
-
will eventually lead to sexual impotence, drowsiness, and possibly obesity
Acromegaly
-
typically caused by the growth of an adenoma (2)
- 1. Giantism/Gigantism
- 2. Acromegaly
-
the result of hypopituitarism during early life
Dwarfism
-
a hyposecretion of somatotropin from the adenohypophysis
Dwarfism
-
person remains quite small and never develops any secondary sex characteristics
Dwarfism
-
a hyposecretion of somatotropin in adulthood
Adult onset hypopituinarism
-
leads to mental dullness and lethargy in adults
Adult onset hypopituinarism
-
gland responsible for Diabetes insipidus
Posterior pituitary
-
the result of hypofunction of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
Diabetes insipidus
-
a hyposecretion of the antidiuretic hormone occurs
Diabetes insipidus
-
leads to the passing of large quantities of urine (polyuria)
Diabetes insipidus
-
polyuria accompanies excessive thirst (polydipsia)
Diabetes insipidus
-
found to be idiopathic in half of the cases
Diabetes insipidus
-
trauma to the head or a tumor in that area causes the remainder of cases
Diabetes insipidus
-
pituitary cachexia
- Simmond's disease
- (affected by the entire pituitary)
-
a condition in which there is complete atrophy of the pituitary gland
- Simmond's disease
- (affected by the entire pituitary)
-
leads to a loss of function of the thyroid, adrenal and gonad glands
- pituitary cachexia
- Simmond's disease
- (affected by the entire pituitary)
-
necrosis of the gland
- pituitary cachexia
- Simmond's disease
- (affected by the entire pituitary)
-
Simmond's disease characterized by the following:
- 1. considerable weight loss
- 2. atrophy of internal organs
- 3. loss of sexual function
- 4. premature aging
- a. mental changes
- b. loss of hair & teeth
-
consists of two lateral lobes
thyroid gland
-
found in the neck on either side of the windpipe
thyroid gland
-
secretes the hormone thyroxin
thyroid gland
-
regulates general body metabolism
thyroxin
-
influences body growth and development
thyroxin
-
exerts an influence over the nervous system
thyroxin
-
enlargement of the thyroid gland
Goiter
-
can be due to lack of iodine in diet, inflammation from infection, tumors, hyper or hyposecretion of thyroxin
Goiter
-
caused by a lack of iodine in the diet
hypothyroidism
-
the gland enlarges in an effort to compensate and secrete more thyroxin
- endemic goiter
- hypothyroidism
-
enlargement of the thyroid gland in an effort to compensate and secrete more thyroxin
endemic goiter
-
the condition resulting from congenital hypofunction of the thyroid gland
Cretinism
-
Cretinism is characterized by a lack of physical and mental development(4)
- 1. Dwarfism
- 2. Slow bone development
- 3. Low body temperature
- 4. Retarded mental acuity
-
the condition resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland in adulthood
myxedema
-
myxedema characterized by: (6)
- 1. weight gain
- 2. mental dullness
- 3. general sluggishness
- 4. thickening of the tongue and lips
- 5. decreasing body temperature & metabolism
- 6. swelling of eyelids and other soft tissues
- due to the presence of a mucous-like edema
-
an over-active thyroid
hyperthyroidism
-
a goiter could develop due to hyperplasia
hyperthyroidism
-
the condition resulting from prolonged hyperthyroidism
Grave's Disease
-
exopthalmic goiter
Grave's Disease
-
eye pushes out
exopthlmic goiter
-
the gland enlarges and produces excessive amounts of thyroxin
Grave's Disease
-
more prevalent in females
Grave's Disease
-
Grave's Disease is characterized by(6)
- 1. low body weight because of a very high BMR
- 2. weakness
- 3. tachycardia
- 4. nervous excitability
- 5. profuse sweating
- 6. eyeball protrusion
- due to edema in the back of the eyesocket
-
frequent in young adults and can lead to heart damage because of fibrillation
Grave's Disease
-
regulates blood calcium levels
parathyroid glands
-
secretes parathormone
parathyroid glands
-
regulates blood calcium levels
parathormone
-
a condition due to hypofunction of the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid tetany
-
lowered amounts of parathormone are secreted
Parathyroid tetany
-
calcium levels in the blood are reduced
Parathyroid tetany
-
causes nerve cells to become irritable and overactive
reduced blood calcium levels
-
leads to spasmatic muscular twitching, abnormal reflexes and convulsive seizures
reduced blood calcium levels
-
usually fatal due to constant contractions of the heart muscle
Parathyroid tetany
-
slows blood coagulation
Parathyroid tetany
-
increased amount of parathormone is secreted
hyperparathyroidism
-
calcium is drawn out of the bones and into the bloodstream
results in hypercalcemia & bone absorption
hyperparathyroidism
-
hypercalcemia & bone absorption will cause (4)
- 1. softening and deformation of bones
- 2. formation of kidney stones
- 3. hardening of the arteries
- 4. heartbeat irregularities
-
fibrous cysts may form in the bones causing a condition known as
- Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
- von Recklinghausen's Disease
- (hyperparathyroidism)
-
located on top of the kidneys
adrenal glands
-
Adrenal glands are composed of two layers
- 1. inner layer called the medulla
- 2. outer portion called the cortex
-
cortex of this gland is essential to life
Adrenal gland
-
the cortex secretes several hormones that regulate (3):
- 1. salt levels in the blood
- 2. blood glucose levels
- 3. production of some mild sex hormones
-
Diseases of the Adrenal Glands (3)
- 1. Addison's Disease
- 2. Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
- 3. Cushing's Disease
-
a condition due to the hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
Addison's Disease
-
affects the hormones that regulate metobolism and blood pressure
Addison's Disease
-
Addison's Disease is characterized by(4)
- 1. bronze pigmentation
- 2. low blood pressure
- 3. weakness and loss of weight
- 4. gastro-intestinal disturbances
-
usually caused by a chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency as a part of an autoimmune disorder
Addison's Disease
-
caused by a meningococcal infection of the blood
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
-
causes acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage into the adrenal gland
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
-
a condition due to the hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
due to excess exposure to hormones called glucocorticoids (steroids)
Cushing's Disease
-
most often a complication of steroid treatments for inflammation
Cushing's Disease
-
Cushing's Disease is characterized by: (7)
- 1. adiposity
- 2. impotence
- 3. fatigue
- 4. excess hair growth
- 5. purplish skin discolorations
- 6. creates a "moon-shaped" facial appearance
- 7. the build-up of a fatty pad over the shoulders and upper back
-
a heterocrine gland
Pancreas
-
both endocrine & exocrine functions
a heterocrine gland
-
the endocrine function takes place in the Islets or Islands of Langerhans
Pancreas
-
the Pancreas produces two hormones
-
Lowers blood sugar levels
Insulin
-
Raises blood sugar levels
Glucagon
-
a condition caused by a deficiency in insulin secretion
Diabetes Mellitus
-
causes a disorder in carbohydrate metabolism
Diabetes Mellitus
-
sugars cannot be carried into the cells and a buildup in the bloodstream ensues
Diabetes Mellitus
-
buildup in the bloodstream ensues
- Hyperglycemia
- Sugar diabetes
-
when the cells have no glucose to use, they begin metabolizing fats and proteins
Diabetes Mellitus
-
with excess fat in the bloodstream, several of the following complications occur (5)
- 1. Atherosclerosis
- 2. Poor wound healing
- 3. Vascular Obstructions
- 4. Hemorrhage
- 5. Gangrene
-
predisposes to myocardial infarctions, gangrene, blindness
last one due to affect on capillaries of the retina
Atherosclerosis
-
the most serious form of Diabetes Mellitis
Juvenile onset diabetes
-
the less serious form of Diabetes Mellitis
Adult onset diabetes
-
usually requires hypodermic injections of insulin and special diet
Juvenile onset diabetes
-
can be controlled with diet and oral medications
Adult onset diabetes
-
actually a part of the adrenal cortex
Gonad Glands
-
has to do with the secretion of androgen and estrogen
Gonad Glands
-
a condition caused by a hyperfunction of the gonads
Precociousness
-
appears to be premature puberty
Precociousness
-
hypersecretion of estrogen in females & androgen in males
Precociousness
-
a condition caused by a hyperfunction of the gonads
Androgenital syndrome
-
involves a hypersecretion of androgen in females & estrogen in males
Androgenital syndrome
-
Androgenital syndrome in females leads to: (4)
- 1. excessive hair growth
- 2. deepening voice
- 3. decreased breast size
- 4. amenorrhea
-
Androgenital syndrome in males leads to: (3)
- 1. testicular atrophy
- 2. decreased libido
- 3. gynecomastia
- excessive breast development
-
atrophy of the testes or ovaries due to old age
senile involution
-
diseases of the gonad glands
- 1. Precociousness
- 2. Androgenital Syndrome
- 3. Senile involution
-
A hypersecretion of androgen in females and estrogen in males will lead to what disease?
Androgenital Syndrome
-
A hypersecretion of estrogen in females of androgen in males will lead to what disease?
Precociousness
-
A hypersecretion of parathormone will cause what disease?
hypercalcemia
-
A hyposecretion of parathormone will cause what disease?
parathyroid tetany
-
A lack of mental and physical development, including possible dwarfism, slow bone development, low body temperature, and retarded mentalactivity may be indicative of what condition?
hypothyroidism
-
A meningococcal infection of the blood may cause what disease of the adrenal glands?
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
-
Acromegaly is due to the malfunction of what gland?
anterior pituitary
-
Addison's disease is due to the malfunction of what gland?
cortex of the Adrenal gland
-
An acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage is indicative of what disease?
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
-
Androgenital syndrome is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Gonad Glads
-
Cretinism is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Thyroid Gland
-
Cushing's disease is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Adrenal
-
Diabetes insipidus is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Posterior pituitary
-
Diabetes mellitus is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Pancreas
-
Dwarfism is usually due to the malfunction of what gland?
Anterior pituitary
-
Enlargement of the bones and soft tissues of the hands, feet and head is characteristic of what disease?
acromegaly
-
Giantism is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Anterior pituitary
-
Give two characteristics of a giant.
- 1. sexually impotent
- 2. die of diabetes
-
Grave's disease is due to the malfunction of what gland?
thyroid
-
Hyperoalcemia and bone absorption may occur in what condition?
hyperparathyroidism
-
Hyperfunction of the gonad glands will cause what two conditions?
- 1. Precociousness
- 2. Androgenital syndrome
-
Hypofunction of the posterior lobe of the pituitary leads to what condition?
Diabetes Insipidus
-
Hypofunction of the thyroid gland in adulthood will cause what condition?
Myxedema
-
Hypofunction of the thyroid gland in childhood will cause what condition?
cretinism
-
Myxedema is due to the malfunction of what gland?
thyroid
-
Pituitary cachexia is due to the malfunction of what gland?
entire pituitary
-
Precociousness is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Gonad glands
-
Prolonged hyperthyroidism may lead to what condition?
- Grave's disease
- (exopthalmic goiter)
-
Simmond's disease is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Entire pituitary
-
Spasmatic muscular twitching, abnormal reflexes and convulsive seizures may indicate what disease?
parathyroid tetany
-
The atrophy of the testes or ovaries in old age is the condition of what disease?
senile involution
-
The gonad glands are actually a part of what?
the adrenal cortex
-
The presence of a mucouslike edema may be a symptom of what condition?
Myxedema
-
The thyroid gland exerts an influence over what functions?(2)
- 1. body growth and development
- 2. nervous system
-
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is due to the malfunction of what gland?
Adrenal gland
-
Weight loss, atrophy of internal organs, loss of sexual function and premature aging may be
indicative of what disease?
Simmond's Disease
-
What are all the characteristics of Cushing's disease?
- adiposity
- impotence
- fatigue
- excess hair growth
- purplish skin discolorations
- creates a "moon-shaped" facial appearance
- buid-up of a fatty pad over the shoulders and upper back
-
What are both names for the hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis?
-
What are the characteristics of a dwarf?
- remains quite small
- never develops secondary sex characteristics
-
What are the characteristics of Addison's disease?
- bronze pigmentation
- low blood pressure
- weakness and loss of weight
- gastro-intestinal disturbances
-
What are the characteristics of an adult with hypopituitarism?
-
What are the characteristics of Grave's disease?
- low body weight (high BMR)
- weakness
- tachycardia
- nervous excitability
- profuse sweating
- eyeball protrusion
-
What are the characteristics of hyperparathyroidism?
- softening and deformation of bones
- formation of kidney stones
- hardening of the arteries
- heartbeat irregularities
-
What are the characteristics of myxedema?
- weight gain
- mental dullness
- general sluggishness
- thickening of the tongue and lips
- swelling of eyelids and other soft tissues
- drop in body temperature and metabolism
-
What are the characteristics of one with diabetes insipidus?
-
What are the complications of diabetes mellitus?
- 1. Atherosclerosis
- 2. Poor wound healing
- 3. Vascular Obstructions
- 4. Hemorrhage
- 5. Gangrene
-
What are the symptoms of androgenitial syndrome in females?
- 1. Excessive hair growth
- 2. Deepened voice
- 3. Decreased breast size
- 4. Amenorrhea
-
What are the symptoms of androgenital syndrome in males?
- 1. Testicular atrophy
- 2. Decreased libido
- 3. Gynecomastia
-
What causes diabetes insipidus?
hypofunction of the posterior pituitary
-
What could lead to a loss of function of the thyroid, adrenal and gonad glands?
dysfunction of the Anterior Pituitary
-
What disease appears to be premature puberty?
precociousness
-
What will acromegaly eventually lead to?
- sexual impotence
- drowsiness
- possibly obesity
-
What do the hormones of the adrenal cortex regulate?
- salt levels in the blood
- blood glucose levels
- production of some mild sex hormones
-
What do the parathyroid glands regulate?
blood calcium levels
-
What does a deficiency of insulin cause?
- hyperglycemia
- sugar diabetes
-
What does glucagon do?
raises blood sugar levels
-
What does insulin do?
lowers blood sugar levels
-
What does the hormone somatotropin control?
growth of bone and soft tissue
-
What does thyroxin regulate?
general body metabolism
-
What functions does the anterior pituitary control?
- skeletal growth
- thyroid
- adrenal glands
- sexual development
-
What functions does the posterior pituitary control?
- muscle contraction
- birth
- peristalsis
-
What gives a "lion-faced" appearance?
acromegaly
-
What happens in the body when lowered levels of parathormone are secreted? List all of the
symptoms.
- 1. reduced calcium levels in the blood
- 2. nerve cells become irritable & overactive
- 3. spasmatic muscular twitching
- abnormal reflexes
- convulsive seizures
- 4. fatality
- 5. slows blood coagulation
-
What happens to the thyroid gland when a hyperfunction occurs?
goiter due to hyperplasia
-
What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?
thyroxin
-
What hormones are affected by Addison's disease?
- regulate metabolism
- regulate blood pressure
-
What hormones are produced by the pancreas?
-
What hormones are secreted by the gonad glands?
-
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What is another name for the pituitary gland?
the master gland
-
What is caused by a chronic, adrenal cortical insufficiency?
- Addison's Disease
- bronze pigmentation
- low blood pressure
- weakness and loss of weight
- gastro-intestinal disturbances
-
What is the actual condition of too much sugar in the bloodstream called?(2)
- Hyperglycemia
- Sugar Diabetes
-
What is the condition of complete atrophy of the pituitary gland?
- pituitary cahcexia
- Simmond's Disease
-
What may cause goiter?
- 1. lack of iodine in the diet
- 2. inflammation from infection
- 3. tumors
- 4. hyper or hyposecretion of thyroxin
-
What part of the adrenal glands is essential to life?
Cortex
-
What type of hormone is secreted from the posterior pituitary?
antidiuretic hormone
-
What type of malfunction occurs in Addison's disease?
hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
-
What type of malfunction occurs in Cushing's disease?
hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
-
What type of malfunction occurs in diabetes mellitus?
sugars can not be carried into the cells
-
What will a hypersecretion of somatotropin in adulthood cause?
Acromegaly
-
What will a hypersecretion of somatotropin in childhood cause?
-
What will a hyposecretion of somatotropin in adulthood cause?
adult onset hypopituitarism
-
What will a hyposecretion of somatotropin in childhood cause?
Dwarfism
-
What will increase the blood-calcium levels?
increased secretion of parathormone
-
What will reduce the blood-calcium levels?
decreased secretion of parathormone
-
When body cells don't have enough glucose to metabolize, what happens?
they begin metabolizing fats and proteins
-
Where are the adrenalglands located?
on top of the kidneys
-
Where does the endocrine function of the pancreas occur
Islets or Islands of Langerhans
-
Where does the excess calcium come from in the condition of hyperparathyroidism?
the bones
-
Where is the pituitary gland found?
under the circle of willis
-
Where is the thyroid gland found?
in the neck on either side of the windpipe
-
Who is most often affected by hyperthyroidism?
females
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