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Define gene
a portion of a chromosome that determines a trait
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Define allele
a portion of a chromosome that determines a trait
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define genome
the entirety of an organism's hereditary information
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genotype
an organism's genetic makeup
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phenotype
organism's expressed traits
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dominant alleles
allele or trait that dominates over the recessive
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recessive alleles
allele that does not show the trait when it is masked by the dominant
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codominant alleles
alleles that produce a third phenotype when they combine. One allele does not dominant over the other
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locus
location of the gene on the chromosome
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homozygous
having two identical alleles for a trait (PP, pp)
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heterozygous
having two different alleles for a trait (Pp)
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carrier
someone who carries the alleles for a trait but does not express it in their phenotype (one recessive, one dominant)
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test cross
testing a suspected heterozygous by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual
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multiple alleles
some genes that have more than two alleles
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Some genes are present on the ___ chromosome and absent from the shorter ____ chromosome in humans
X, Y
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sex linkage
traits attaced to the x chromosome and is associated with sexual characteristics
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the human female can be _______ or _______ with respect to sexlinked genes
XB XB XBXb XbXb
homozygous, heterozygous
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Mendel's Law of independent assortment
each allele pair segregates independently of other allele pairs
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Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes
autosomes are the 1st 22 chromosomes. They are chromosomes that are not associated with sex characteristics. Sex chromosomes are the genes that determine sexual characteristics
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linkage group
a group of different genes whose loci are located on the same chromosome
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polygenic inheritance
having more than one gene that determines a trait
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DNA replication is _____
semi conservative
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eukaryotic chromosomes are made of ____ and ____
DNA and protein
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Eukaryotic genes contain _____ and ____-
introns and exons
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DNA replication is initiated at many points in _______ chromosomes
eukaryotic
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DNA replication occurs in the ________ direction
5' --> 3'
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Transcription is carried out in the ______ direction
5' --> 3'
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Eukaryotic RNA needs the removal of ____ to form mature mRNA
introns
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Translation consists of....
initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination
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Translation occurs in the _____ direction
5'--> 3'
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Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily ________ the cell. Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for _______ or for ______.
within, secretion, lysosomes
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Nucleosomes help to supercoil ______ and help to regulate _____.
chromosomes, transcription
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In _________, fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are seperated according to size
gel electrophoresis
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Gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in ________.
DNA profiling
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When genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated from them is ________ because the genetic code is ________.
unchanged, universal
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evolution
accumulation of changes overtime in the inheritable characteristics of a population. THe change in frequencies of alleles over time
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Populations tend to produce more ______ than the environment can support
offspring
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Members of a species show ______.
variation
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Seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa
Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Bryophyte
very small, reproduce by spores, have no true leaves or roots
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filicinophyta
taller, contain true leaves and roots, leaf structure= fronds, reproduce by spores
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coniferophyta
produce cones, seeds develop within the cones, have a wood stem, leaves are in the form of needles or scales
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Angiospemophyta
produce flowers, seeds are within flowers, some may have wood stem, leaves are broad and flat (includes trees)
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Porifera
(sponges) sessile, attach to a substration, no mouth or digestive tract, no organs, simplest of animals
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cnidaria
(corals) have stinging celss called nematocysts, have tentacles, have gastric pouch for digestion, only has one opening
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platyhelminthes
(flat worms) have gut w/ one opening, tend to be flat, Have no heart or lungs
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annelid
(segmented worm) bodies are divided into repeating segments, have a gut with two openings, have a primitive circulatory system which resembles a heart
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mollusca
(snails) many have shells for protections, gut w/ two openings, not divided or segmented
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arthropoda
(insects) hard exoskeleton, has segments (some are fused), have limbs with joints
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Bulbs
vertical underground stem consisting of enlarged bases of leaves (onions)
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stem tuber
horizantal underground growing stems that are modified for food storage (some water) (potato)
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storage roots
modified root tissue that has expanded for the storage of primarily food (carrot)
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Tendrils
modified leaves used to grab on to various things to help support the plant
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Dicotyledonous plants have ______ and ______ meristems
apical and lateral
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terrestial plants support themselves by means of _________, ____________, and __________.
cellulosem cell turgor, and lignified xylem
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transpiration
the evaporation of water from the aerial parts of the plant
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Guard cells can open and close stomata to regulate ________.
transpiration
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Plant hormone ________ causes the closing of stomata.
abscisic acid
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species
a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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habitat
an environment in which a species lives
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population
a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time
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community
group of populations of different species living and interacting with each other in the same are at the same time
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ecosystem
communtity and its abiotic environment
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ecology
study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment
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autotroph
producer, organisms that make organic molecules from inorganic molecules either using sunlight or chemical energy (ex) plants
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heterotrophs
organisms which need to eat otehr organisms to supply energy and organic molecules (ex) humans
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consumer
an organism that eats other organisms for energy (heterotroph).
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detritivore
a decomposer, ingests dead organic matter and then digests it
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Saprotroph
a decomposer, secreates digestive enzymes to break down dead organic matter outside the body and then absorb it
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food chain
pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with primary producers
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_______ is the initial energy source for almost all communities
light
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Energy transformations are never _______ efficient
100%
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_______ can enter and leave an ecosystem, but the ______ must be recycled
energy, nutrients
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Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi recycle ________.
nutrients
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precautionary principle
even though we are not certain of the effects of something, and there is some evidence or indications as to what the effects might be, we should take action instead of waiting to see the effects
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