Parasitology

What are the 2 groups of nematodes?

What species are included in the intestinal nematodes?

What species are includes in the intestinal-tissue nematodes?

What nematode:
Causes infections (enterobiasis) that are usually self-limiting and characterized by itching and inflammation of the anus
Diagnosis: CELLOPHANE TAPE PREP AT NIGHT OR EARLY IN THE MORNING BY THE GRAHAM TECHNIQUE
MORPHOLOGY: THICK, COLORLESS SHELL, LARGE LARVA, EGG IS FLAT ON ONE SIDE LIKE A DEFLATED FOOTBALL

What nematode:
Causes infections that in children, presents as colitis and dysentery and in adults include abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea
Diagnosis: EGGS IN FECES ARE BARREL SHAPED, GOLDEN BROWN SHELL, BIPOLAR HYALINE PLUGS ON EACH END OF THE EGG

What nematode:
Known as the giant intestinal roundworm
Causes ascariasis, resulting in intestinal tissue destruction and bowel obstruction that can be fatal
Worms can also micgrate to the lungs, where they cause pulmonary disorders, and to other body sites
Diagnosis: FERTILIZED &/OR UNFERTILIZED EGGS IN STOOL 
- FERTILIZED: MORE ROUND, THICK, YELLOW - BROWN SHELL, COARSE MAMMILATED SURFACE, EMBRYO PULLS AWAY FROM INSIDE WALL OF THE SHELL
- UNFERTILIZED: MORE OVAL, HEAVY ALBUNINOUS COAT, THIN SHELL

What nematode:
Is transmitted by skin contact with contaminated soil (filariform larvae)
After penetration, larvae migrate through the skin and repeated exposure to larvae can produce an allergic reaction commonly referred to as larva migrans
Diagnosis: RHABDIDFORM LARVAE IN STOOL OR DUODENAL FLUID (ENTEROTEST - STRING TEST), SHORT BUCCAL CAVITY, NOTCHED OR FORKED TAIL, HOURGLASS ESOPHAGUS, DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN HOOKWORM AND STRONGYLOIDES BY RHABDITIFORM LARVA (BUCCAL CAVITY) AND FILARIFORM LARVA (TIP OF TAIL)

What nematodes:
Causes human hookworm infections
Humans acquire the filariform larvae through skin penetration

What nematode:
Symptoms: GROUND ITCH FROM LARVAL PENETRATION, MILD PNEUMONIA, INTESTINE:  ENTERITIS, MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA (IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA)  
Diagnosis: EGGS IN FECES, OVAL, THIN, MOOTH, COLORLESS SHELL W/ 4-8 EMBRYONIC CLEAVAGES, ALL HOOKWORM EGGS LOOK THE SAME - CAN ONLY REPORT HOOKWORM - DIFFERENTIATE BY ADULT BUCCAL CAVITY

What nematode:
Causes trichinosis with symptoms including diarrhea, blurred vision, muscle edema (mostly striated muscle), and coughing
Infections can be fatal
Diagnosis: TISSUE BIOPSY OF INFECTED MUSCLE SHOWING THE ENCYSTED LARVAE, SEROLOGICAL TESTING (3-4 WKS AFTER INFECTION) FOR THE ANTI-TRICHENELLA ANTIBODIES
Reservoirs: Pigs

What nematode:
Humans acquire the infection by the ingestion of infected copepods (water fleas) carrying larvae
Diagnosis: Observing worms emerging from ulcerated areas of the body

What filariae:
Causes subcutaneous tissue infections and infections of the conjunctival lining of the eye
Diagnosis: blood smear exam for microfilariae (sheath present)

What filariae:
Causes Malayan filariasis, a condition that produces lesions in the lymphatics, and elephantiasis may result
Diagnosis: Microscopic exam of blood smears for microfilariae (samples collected at night offer the largest yield)

What filariae:
Is transmitted by the Culex, Anopheles, or Aedes mosquito
Causes Bancroftian filariasis - a condition that produces lesions in the lymphatics
Elephantiasis may result
Diagnosis: DEMONSTRATION OF MICROFILARIA IN THE BLOOD (SPECIMEN MUST BE DRAWN 10PM - 2AM, SEROLOGICAL TESTS (NONSPECIFIC)

What filariae:
Causes river blindness (eye infections lead to blindness)
Diagnosis: tissue or ophthalmologic analysis for microfilariae